| unacceptable | ADE06:E1U5P1 | 2013-02-05 22:29:54 CST | GO:0008139 nuclear localization sequence binding (F) | PMID:15483253 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 3, localization of PK and peptide sequence fusions were accomplished via HeLa cells that were transfected with plasmids expressing PK (PK control), PK fused to the known NLS from SV40 (SV40 NLS) or PK fused to the tetrapeptides indicated. The localization of PK or its fusion products was determined by immunofluorescence using an antibody to PK after fixation of the cells.
| challenge |
| updatedbyinstructor | MOUSE:BECN1 | 2013-02-09 17:07:40 CST | GO:0006914 autophagy (P) | PMID:23364696 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | Autophagy genes have beneficial effects in animal models of certain viral and intracellular bacterial infections, and autophagy-inducing agents inhibit HIV replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. As seen in figure 3, the researchers investigated the effects of the Tat–beclin 1 peptide on the replication of three positive-stranded RNA viruses Sindbis virus (SINV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), HIV-1, and the intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. Tat–beclin 1 treatment
reduced SINV, CHIKV and WNV titres 10–50-fold in HeLa cells.
| challenge |
| acceptable | ADE02:PRO | 2013-02-10 14:32:27 CST | GO:0008234 cysteine-type peptidase activity (F) | PMID:12758141 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 5, AVP activity exhibited a complex sensitivity to carboxamidomethylation as a function of pH. One cysteine had a pKa of about 4.3. The most likely candidate for the low pKa is the conserved residue Cys122.
Since five of the eight cysteines of AVP are buried in the interior of the molecule, the most likely candidate to be alkylated was one of the three cysteines found on the surface. Cys199 is only found in human adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5; it is located in a region of the molecule distant from either the pVIc binding site or the active site groove. Furthermore, mutation of Cys199 to Ser199 had no effect on enzyme activity (Brown and
Mangel, unpublished). In the AVP–pVIc complex, Cys104 forms a disulfide bond with Cys10 of pVIc. Thus, there is now considerable evidence that Cys122 is the
active site nucleophile of human adenovirus serotype 2 proteinase; this amino acid residue is conserved in all adenovirus serotypes.
| challenge |
| acceptable | WNV:POLG | 2013-02-10 15:47:41 CST | GO:0019050 suppression by virus of host apoptotic process (P) | PMID:23115297 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As is the case with many RNA viruses, infection of mammalian cells with West Nile Virus has been reported to cause apoptosis. Replication of WNV and other flaviviruses is relatively slow, and therefore, it is not seemingly beneficial to the virus if the first viral protein produced in an infected
cell induces programmed cell death. In contrast, during the early stages of flavivirus infection, apoptosis appears to be inhibited by a process that involves activation of the prosurvival kinase Akt. Recent studies revealed that antiapoptotic/survival signaling
is activated shortly after flavivirus infection. This signaling process involves the kinase Akt, which is activated by PI3K-dependent phosphorylation on serine 473. As seen in figure 7, inhibition of PI3 kinase abrogates protection by WNV capsid protein. This was done when A549 cells were transduced with lentiviruses encoding WNV capsid protein or AcGFP alone, before challenge with anti-Fas with or without addition of LY294002.
| challenge |
| updatedbyinstructor | WNV:POLG | 2013-03-08 20:52:01 CST | GO:0008233 peptidase activity (F) | PMID:23291011 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in Figure 1, WNV protease retained activity in most of the detergents tested in this study. WNV protease possesses catalytic activity in the presence of some detergents, making it useful for the removal of an affinity tag in a membrane protein preparation. It is suggested that WNV protease can be used for the preparation of a membrane protein or a transmembrane domain segment from a multi-span transmembrane protein.
| challenge |
| requireschanges | MCV1:CFLA | 2013-03-08 21:37:58 CST | GO:0039504 suppression by virus of host adaptive immune response (P) | PMID:22301546 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 8, the MC159 protein interacts with IKKγ during poxvirus infection. The IKK complex plays a crucial role in NF-κB activation, making it an appealing target for poxviruses as a means to block NF-κB-mediated activation of the pro-inflammatory response.
| challenge |
| correctedthroughchallenges | HUMAN:RSAD2 | 2013-03-08 22:09:15 CST | GO:0002230 positive regulation of defense response to virus by host (P) | PMID:23160199 | ECO:0000314 direct assay evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 7, researchers investigated whether loss of viperin expression affects type I IFN–mediated antiviral response by pretreating WT and Rsad2–/– fibroblasts with type I IFNs for 4 hours prior to CHIKV infection. Both IFN-α and IFN-β effectively inhibited CHIKV infection and replication to a comparable level in WT and Rsad2–/– fibroblasts, which demonstrated the importance of type I IFNs in limiting CHIKV infection.
| challenge |
| updatedbyinstructor | HUMAN:TERA | 2013-03-09 12:24:04 CST | GO:0019079 viral genome replication (P) | PMID:22379090 | ECO:0000315 mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 6, VCP acts as a PV-specific host factor of viral replication via a cellular secretion pathway.Thus, VCP could provide a novel link between the cellular protein secretion pathway and PV replication.
| challenge |
| updatedbyinstructor | MOUSE:ASC | 2013-03-11 12:37:27 CDT | GO:0097202 activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity (P) | PMID:23302887 | ECO:0000315 mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion | As seen in figure 1, ASC, a type of inflammasome adaptor protein, is essential for WNV-induced IL-1beta maturation and caspase 1 activation. This implies that ASC is a critical component of the WNV-induced inflammasome and that the
production of IL-1beta is dependent on ASC.
| challenge |
