Category:Team Evolutionary success

Figure 1 shows the healthy and diseased avian species that C. perfringens isolates were obtained from after an NE outbreak. PCR testing was carried out and sequence analysis showed that 92% of isolates were positive for netB.

Figure 2 shows that both theta and alpha toxins contribute to myonecrosis in mice after 4 hours.

Necrotic enteritis was challenged in birds after immunization with genetic toxoids. Antibody response of various treatment groups of birds was tested using ELISA after immunization.

Using direct flourescent binding array, the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin binds very tightly with ganglioside GM1a because of its lack of sailic acid. The alpha toxin was also shown to induce IL-8 by binding to A549 cells. This was demonstrated by various concentrations of alpha toxin to 549 cells and measuring the amount of IL-8.

Figure 5

Figure 2 shows direct correlation between calcium concentrations and its role on phospholipase C activation.

Table 1: alpha toxin variants decrease phospholipase C activation when Tyr-275 and Tyr-277 are changed in recombinant toxin

Table 1 The effects on hemolytic, PLC, and SMase activities of replacement of the D-56 residue of alpha-toxin with glutamic acid, asparagine, glycine, or serine were investigated. The wild-type toxin at the concentration of 5 ng completely lysed. However, up to 5, 10, and 20mg of the D56E, D56N, D56G, or D56S variant toxins, respectively, exhibited no hemolytic, PLC, and SMase activities. Wild-type shows 100% PLC activity.