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DROME:IAP1

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Species (Taxon ID) Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly). (7227)
Gene Name(s) th (synonyms: Iap1)
Protein Name(s) Apoptosis 1 inhibitor

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase th Inhibitor of apoptosis 1 dIAP1 Protein thread

External Links
UniProt Q24306
EMBL L49440
AE014296
AE014296
AE014296
BT031197
AY119524
RefSeq NP_001261916.1
NP_001261917.1
NP_001261918.1
NP_524101.2
NP_730097.1
NP_730098.1
UniGene Dm.6466
PDB 1JD4
1JD5
1JD6
1Q4Q
1SDZ
1SE0
3SIP
3SIQ
PDBsum 1JD4
1JD5
1JD6
1Q4Q
1SDZ
1SE0
3SIP
3SIQ
ProteinModelPortal Q24306
SMR Q24306
BioGrid 65064
IntAct Q24306
MINT MINT-1601077
MEROPS I32.009
EnsemblMetazoa FBtr0075499
FBtr0075500
FBtr0075501
FBtr0333617
FBtr0333618
FBtr0333619
GeneID 39753
KEGG dme:Dmel_CG12284
CTD 7054
FlyBase FBgn0260635
eggNOG NOG243347
GeneTree ENSGT00500000044782
InParanoid Q24306
KO K04725
OMA QKPQQLA
OrthoDB EOG78H3TF
PhylomeDB Q24306
Reactome REACT_241007
SignaLink Q24306
EvolutionaryTrace Q24306
GenomeRNAi 39753
NextBio 815208
PMAP-CutDB Q24306
Proteomes UP000000803
Bgee Q24306
ExpressionAtlas Q24306
GO GO:0005737
GO:0005634
GO:0004869
GO:0019899
GO:0019788
GO:0031625
GO:0004842
GO:0008270
GO:0048800
GO:0006915
GO:0007298
GO:0009987
GO:0008407
GO:0008354
GO:0097340
GO:1990001
GO:0007275
GO:0043066
GO:0046673
GO:0043154
GO:0090263
GO:0031398
GO:0051865
GO:0070936
GO:0000209
GO:0042787
GO:0007423
GO:0045035
GO:0007289
GO:0007283
GO:0016055
Gene3D 1.10.1170.10
3.30.40.10
InterPro IPR001370
IPR001841
IPR013083
Pfam PF00653
SMART SM00238
SM00184
PROSITE PS01282
PS50143
PS50089

Annotations

Qualifier GO ID GO term name Reference ECO ID ECO term name with/from Aspect Extension Notes Status
GO:0060243

negative regulation of cell growth involved in contact inhibition

PMID:10481910[1]

ECO:0000314

P

Figure 5. Cells in Embryos Homozygous Mutant for DIAP1 Show Premature and Increased DNA Fragmentation and an Increase in DIAP1-Inhibitable Caspase Activity.

complete
CACAO 5949

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:10481910[1]

ECO:0000314

P

Figure 7-DIAP1 inhibits caspase activity and is essential for cell survival

complete
CACAO 6046

involved_in

GO:0090263

positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

PMID:22304967[2]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:18259196[3]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:17397804[4]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:1990001

inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0260635
MGI:MGI:107572
PANTHER:PTN000799425

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0061630

ubiquitin protein ligase activity

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0015247
FB:FBgn0260635
PANTHER:PTN000799425
UniProtKB:P98170

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0015247
FB:FBgn0260635
MGI:MGI:107572
PANTHER:PTN000005168
UniProtKB:O15392
UniProtKB:P98170

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0043027

cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0015247
FB:FBgn0260635
PANTHER:PTN000005168
UniProtKB:O15392

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0031398

positive regulation of protein ubiquitination

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0260635
MGI:MGI:1197007
MGI:MGI:1197009
PANTHER:PTN000799425
UniProtKB:P98170
UniProtKB:Q13489
UniProtKB:Q13490

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0260635
MGI:MGI:107572
MGI:MGI:1203517
PANTHER:PTN000005166
RGD:620692
UniProtKB:O15392
UniProtKB:P98170
UniProtKB:Q13489
UniProtKB:Q13490
UniProtKB:Q96CA5

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005634

nucleus

PMID:21873635[5]

ECO:0000318

biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0260635
PANTHER:PTN000005166
PomBase:SPCC962.02c
RGD:620690
RGD:620692
UniProtKB:O15392
UniProtKB:P98170
UniProtKB:Q13489
UniProtKB:Q13490
UniProtKB:Q96CA5

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0008270

zinc ion binding

PMID:21912646[6]

ECO:0000255

match to sequence model evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

Missing: with/from

enables

GO:1990381

ubiquitin-specific protease binding

PMID:24362437[7]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0033738

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0061630

ubiquitin protein ligase activity

PMID:23940367[8]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0070936

protein K48-linked ubiquitination

PMID:23940367[8]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007283

spermatogenesis

PMID:23409089[9]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0044390

ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme binding

PMID:21145488[10]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0035853

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0061663

NEDD8 ligase activity

PMID:21145488[10]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045116

protein neddylation

PMID:21145488[10]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045035

sensory organ precursor cell division

PMID:19822670[11]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0086657

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0031398

positive regulation of protein ubiquitination

PMID:19026784[12]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0061630

ubiquitin protein ligase activity

PMID:17205079[13]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0031625

ubiquitin protein ligase binding

PMID:17205079[13]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0015247

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0000209

protein polyubiquitination

PMID:17205079[13]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051865

protein autoubiquitination

PMID:17205079[13]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:1903688

positive regulation of border follicle cell migration

PMID:17483425[14]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005634

nucleus

PMID:17464325[15]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

PMID:17464325[15]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:18166655[16]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:18166655[16]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0019972

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:18166655[16]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0010501

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0019972

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0263864

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0089720

caspase binding

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0010501

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0046673

negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0026404

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0089720

caspase binding

PMID:16485033[17]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0019972

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0022416

chaeta development

PMID:16222340[18]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0048800

antennal morphogenesis

PMID:15464574[19]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007298

border follicle cell migration

PMID:15242648[20]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007298

border follicle cell migration

PMID:15242648[20]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0010333

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0043027

cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:15107838[21]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:2001271

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

PMID:15107838[21]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006915

apoptotic process

PMID:12938178[22]

ECO:0000303

author statement without traceable support used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007289

spermatid nucleus differentiation

PMID:14737191[23]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0061630

ubiquitin protein ligase activity

PMID:12021769[24]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0031624

ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding

PMID:12021769[24]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0011217

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051865

protein autoubiquitination

PMID:12021769[24]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:11337486[25]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006915

apoptotic process

PMID:10675328[26]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0011706

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006915

apoptotic process

PMID:10675328[26]

ECO:0000353

physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0003997

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:10675328[26]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0011706

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:10675328[26]

ECO:0000316

genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion

FB:FBgn0003997

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0004869

cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

PMID:10481910[1]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0097340

inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

PMID:10481910[1]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:1990001

inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:10481910[1]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:10200511[27]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0004842

ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

PMID:22304967[2]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005829

cytosol

Reactome:R-DME-390120

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043066

negative regulation of apoptotic process

PMID:11139272[28]
PMID:12006672[29]
PMID:11178240[30]
PMID:10511707[31]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion




P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006511

ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

PMID:12850443[32]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0008354

germ cell migration

PMID:12814944[33]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006915

apoptotic process

PMID:12072176[34]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043154

negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

PMID:12072176[34]
PMID:11139276[35]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion


P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007275

multicellular organism development

PMID:11178240[30]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0016740

transferase activity

GO_REF:0000037

ECO:0000322

imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB-KW:KW-0808

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0006915

apoptotic process

GO_REF:0000037

ECO:0000322

imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB-KW:KW-0053

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0016055

Wnt signaling pathway

GO_REF:0000037

ECO:0000322

imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB-KW:KW-0879

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0046872

metal ion binding

GO_REF:0000037

ECO:0000322

imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB-KW:KW-0479

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

Notes

References

See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wang, SL et al. (1999) The Drosophila caspase inhibitor DIAP1 is essential for cell survival and is negatively regulated by HID. Cell 98 453-63 PubMed GONUTS page
  2. 2.0 2.1 Hanson, AJ et al. (2012) XIAP monoubiquitylates Groucho/TLE to promote canonical Wnt signaling. Mol. Cell 45 619-28 PubMed GONUTS page
  3. Khan, FS et al. (2008) The interaction of DIAP1 with dOmi/HtrA2 regulates cell death in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ. 15 1073-83 PubMed GONUTS page
  4. Igaki, T et al. (2007) Evolution of mitochondrial cell death pathway: Proapoptotic role of HtrA2/Omi in Drosophila. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 356 993-7 PubMed GONUTS page
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Gaudet, P et al. (2011) Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Brief. Bioinformatics 12 449-62 PubMed GONUTS page
  6. Ying, M et al. (2011) Comprehensively surveying structure and function of RING domains from Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE 6 e23863 PubMed GONUTS page
  7. Yang, CS et al. (2014) The deubiquitinating enzyme DUBAI stabilizes DIAP1 to suppress Drosophila apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 21 604-11 PubMed GONUTS page
  8. 8.0 8.1 Yeh, TC & Bratton, SB (2013) Caspase-dependent regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system through direct substrate targeting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 14284-9 PubMed GONUTS page
  9. Lindsley, DL et al. (2013) Anent the genomics of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE 8 e55915 PubMed GONUTS page
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Broemer, M et al. (2010) Systematic in vivo RNAi analysis identifies IAPs as NEDD8-E3 ligases. Mol. Cell 40 810-22 PubMed GONUTS page
  11. Koto, A et al. (2009) Temporal regulation of Drosophila IAP1 determines caspase functions in sensory organ development. J. Cell Biol. 187 219-31 PubMed GONUTS page
  12. Ditzel, M et al. (2008) Inactivation of effector caspases through nondegradative polyubiquitylation. Mol. Cell 32 540-53 PubMed GONUTS page
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Herman-Bachinsky, Y et al. (2007) Regulation of the Drosophila ubiquitin ligase DIAP1 is mediated via several distinct ubiquitin system pathways. Cell Death Differ. 14 861-71 PubMed GONUTS page
  14. Mathieu, J et al. (2007) A sensitized PiggyBac-based screen for regulators of border cell migration in Drosophila. Genetics 176 1579-90 PubMed GONUTS page
  15. 15.0 15.1 Baum, JS et al. (2007) The Drosophila caspases Strica and Dronc function redundantly in programmed cell death during oogenesis. Cell Death Differ. 14 1508-17 PubMed GONUTS page
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ribeiro, PS et al. (2007) DIAP2 functions as a mechanism-based regulator of drICE that contributes to the caspase activity threshold in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 179 1467-80 PubMed GONUTS page
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Leulier, F et al. (2006) Systematic in vivo RNAi analysis of putative components of the Drosophila cell death machinery. Cell Death Differ. 13 1663-74 PubMed GONUTS page
  18. Kanuka, H et al. (2005) Drosophila caspase transduces Shaggy/GSK-3beta kinase activity in neural precursor development. EMBO J. 24 3793-806 PubMed GONUTS page
  19. Cullen, K & McCall, K (2004) Role of programmed cell death in patterning the Drosophila antennal arista. Dev. Biol. 275 82-92 PubMed GONUTS page
  20. 20.0 20.1 Geisbrecht, ER & Montell, DJ (2004) A role for Drosophila IAP1-mediated caspase inhibition in Rac-dependent cell migration. Cell 118 111-25 PubMed GONUTS page
  21. 21.0 21.1 Yan, N et al. (2004) Molecular mechanisms of DrICE inhibition by DIAP1 and removal of inhibition by Reaper, Hid and Grim. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 420-8 PubMed GONUTS page
  22. Lawen, A (2003) Apoptosis-an introduction. Bioessays 25 888-96 PubMed GONUTS page
  23. Huh, JR et al. (2004) Multiple apoptotic caspase cascades are required in nonapoptotic roles for Drosophila spermatid individualization. PLoS Biol. 2 E15 PubMed GONUTS page
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 Ryoo, HD et al. (2002) Regulation of Drosophila IAP1 degradation and apoptosis by reaper and ubcD1. Nat. Cell Biol. 4 432-8 PubMed GONUTS page
  25. Harvey, NL et al. (2001) Characterization of the Drosophila caspase, DAMM. J. Biol. Chem. 276 25342-50 PubMed GONUTS page
  26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Goyal, L et al. (2000) Induction of apoptosis by Drosophila reaper, hid and grim through inhibition of IAP function. EMBO J. 19 589-97 PubMed GONUTS page
  27. Hawkins, CJ et al. (1998) Anti-apoptotic potential of insect cellular and viral IAPs in mammalian cells. Cell Death Differ. 5 569-76 PubMed GONUTS page
  28. Kumar, S (2000) Cell death in the fly comes of age. Cell Death Differ. 7 1021-4 PubMed GONUTS page
  29. Gorski, S & Marra, M (2002) Programmed cell death takes flight: genetic and genomic approaches to gene discovery in Drosophila. Physiol. Genomics 9 59-69 PubMed GONUTS page
  30. 30.0 30.1 Tittel, JN & Steller, H (2000) A comparison of programmed cell death between species. Genome Biol. 1 REVIEWS0003 PubMed GONUTS page
  31. Abrams, JM (1999) An emerging blueprint for apoptosis in Drosophila. Trends Cell Biol. 9 435-40 PubMed GONUTS page
  32. Ou, CY et al. (2003) Control of protein degradation by E3 ubiquitin ligases in Drosophila eye development. Trends Genet. 19 382-9 PubMed GONUTS page
  33. Coffman, CR (2003) Cell migration and programmed cell death of Drosophila germ cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 995 117-26 PubMed GONUTS page
  34. 34.0 34.1 Richardson, H & Kumar, S (2002) Death to flies: Drosophila as a model system to study programmed cell death. J. Immunol. Methods 265 21-38 PubMed GONUTS page
  35. Kumar, S & Doumanis, J (2000) The fly caspases. Cell Death Differ. 7 1039-44 PubMed GONUTS page