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RAT:NEU1

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Species (Taxon ID) Rattus norvegicus (Rat). (10116)
Gene Name(s) Oxt (synonyms: Ot)
Protein Name(s) Oxytocin-neurophysin 1

OT-NPI Oxytocin Ocytocin Neurophysin 1

External Links
UniProt P01179
EMBL K01701
M25649
X12792
X59496
PIR A21183
RefSeq NP_037128.1
UniGene Rn.48915
ProteinModelPortal P01179
SMR P01179
STRING 10116.ENSRNOP00000028829
Ensembl ENSRNOT00000028829
GeneID 25504
KEGG rno:25504
UCSC RGD:3238
CTD 5020
RGD 3238
eggNOG NOG44533
GeneTree ENSGT00390000004511
HOGENOM HOG000113768
HOVERGEN HBG004462
InParanoid P01179
KO K05243
OMA DGCRTDP
OrthoDB EOG7NW6C5
PhylomeDB P01179
TreeFam TF333018
Reactome REACT_263111
REACT_263374
NextBio 606917
PMAP-CutDB P01179
PRO PR:P01179
Proteomes UP000002494
Genevestigator P01179
GO GO:0005737
GO:0005615
GO:0030141
GO:0043195
GO:0005184
GO:0031855
GO:0042756
GO:0042755
GO:0007565
GO:0007625
GO:0007507
GO:0042538
GO:0007595
GO:0060179
GO:0002125
GO:0042711
GO:0007613
GO:0045776
GO:0060455
GO:0035811
GO:0007567
GO:0045777
GO:0007204
GO:0045925
GO:0060450
GO:0010701
GO:0045778
GO:0060406
GO:0032308
GO:0035815
GO:0051965
GO:0050806
GO:0070474
GO:0044058
GO:0002027
GO:0051930
GO:0014823
GO:0001975
GO:0051591
GO:0042220
GO:0051602
GO:0032355
GO:0045472
GO:0032094
GO:0051384
GO:0014070
GO:0043434
GO:0032570
GO:0034695
GO:0032526
GO:0048545
GO:0009744
GO:0030431
GO:0035176
GO:0042713
Gene3D 2.60.9.10
InterPro IPR000981
IPR022423
PANTHER PTHR11681
Pfam PF00220
PF00184
PIRSF PIRSF001815
PRINTS PR00831
ProDom PD001676
SMART SM00003
SUPFAM SSF49606
PROSITE PS00264

Annotations

Qualifier GO ID GO term name Reference ECO ID ECO term name with/from Aspect Extension Notes Status

involved_in

GO:0120162

positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

PMID:18071238[1]

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:P35454

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043207

response to external biotic stimulus

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:P01175:PRO_0000020491

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032094

response to food

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:P01175:PRO_0000020491

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0009612

response to mechanical stimulus

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:P01175:PRO_0000020491

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043207

response to external biotic stimulus

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:F1SWA3

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032094

response to food

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:F1SWA3

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0009612

response to mechanical stimulus

GO_REF:0000024

ECO:0000250

sequence similarity evidence used in manual assertion

UniProtKB:F1SWA3

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0070474

positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction

PMID:19164477[2]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0060455

negative regulation of gastric acid secretion

PMID:11764003[3]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0060450

positive regulation of hindgut contraction

PMID:19258489[4]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0060406

positive regulation of penile erection

PMID:18671741[5]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0060179

male mating behavior

PMID:18655888[6]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051965

positive regulation of synapse assembly

PMID:16488155[7]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051930

regulation of sensory perception of pain

PMID:17664006[8]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051602

response to electrical stimulus

PMID:18823708[9]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051591

response to cAMP

PMID:11168841[10]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0051384

response to glucocorticoid

PMID:17553493[11]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0050806

positive regulation of synaptic transmission

PMID:17314286[12]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0048545

response to steroid hormone

PMID:12588901[13]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045925

positive regulation of female receptivity

PMID:11264328[14]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045778

positive regulation of ossification

PMID:18257653[15]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045777

positive regulation of blood pressure

PMID:19120122[16]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045776

negative regulation of blood pressure

PMID:18562099[17]

ECO:0000315

mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0045472

response to ether

PMID:1943445[18]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0044058

regulation of digestive system process

PMID:12690433[19]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0043434

response to peptide hormone

PMID:19246538[20]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0043195

terminal bouton

PMID:18987209[21]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042756

drinking behavior

PMID:15380376[22]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042755

eating behavior

PMID:15380376[22]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042713

sperm ejaculation

PMID:18552879[23]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042711

maternal behavior

PMID:18513132[24]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042538

hyperosmotic salinity response

PMID:18088359[25]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0042220

response to cocaine

PMID:18609307[26]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0035815

positive regulation of renal sodium excretion

PMID:17559853[27]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0035811

negative regulation of urine volume

PMID:18057218[28]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0035176

social behavior

PMID:17540347[29]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0034695

response to prostaglandin E

PMID:19017254[30]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032570

response to progesterone

PMID:17280592[31]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032526

response to retinoic acid

PMID:15316117[32]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032355

response to estradiol

PMID:19258489[4]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032308

positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion

PMID:9575824[33]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0032094

response to food

PMID:18832082[34]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0031855

oxytocin receptor binding

PMID:19560475[35]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0031855

oxytocin receptor binding

PMID:15821089[36]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0030431

sleep

PMID:12832103[37]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0030141

secretory granule

PMID:11456414[38]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0014823

response to activity

PMID:16157794[39]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0014070

response to organic cyclic compound

PMID:19248249[40]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0014070

response to organic cyclic compound

PMID:12504828[41]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0010701

positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion

PMID:14656297[42]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0009744

response to sucrose

PMID:19022308[43]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007625

grooming behavior

PMID:17505467[44]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007613

memory

PMID:18304743[45]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007565

female pregnancy

PMID:18936075[46]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007507

heart development

PMID:15316117[32]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007204

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

PMID:10497238[47]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

PMID:19017254[30]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005615

extracellular space

PMID:18953097[48]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0005184

neuropeptide hormone activity

PMID:19560475[35]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0002125

maternal aggressive behavior

PMID:18655888[6]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0002027

regulation of heart rate

PMID:3668162[49]

ECO:0000314

direct assay evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0001975

response to amphetamine

PMID:17383105[50]

ECO:0000270

expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0010469

regulation of signaling receptor activity

GO_REF:0000108

ECO:0000366

evidence based on logical inference from automatic annotation used in automatic assertion

GO:0005185

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0010469

regulation of signaling receptor activity

GO_REF:0000108

ECO:0000364

evidence based on logical inference from manual annotation used in automatic assertion

GO:0005184

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0010469

regulation of signaling receptor activity

GO_REF:0000108

ECO:0000364

evidence based on logical inference from manual annotation used in automatic assertion

GO:0005184

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0010469

regulation of signaling receptor activity

GO_REF:0000108

ECO:0000366

evidence based on logical inference from automatic annotation used in automatic assertion

GO:0005179

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0120162

positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

GO_REF:0000107

ECO:0000265

sequence orthology evidence used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB:P35454
ensembl:ENSMUSP00000028764

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005737

cytoplasm

GO_REF:0000107

ECO:0000265

sequence orthology evidence used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB:P35454
ensembl:ENSMUSP00000028764

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005576

extracellular region

GO_REF:0000107

ECO:0000265

sequence orthology evidence used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB:P35454
ensembl:ENSMUSP00000028764

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0005185

neurohypophyseal hormone activity

GO_REF:0000002

ECO:0000256

match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion

InterPro:IPR000981
InterPro:IPR022423
InterPro:IPR036387

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

part_of

GO:0005576

extracellular region

GO_REF:0000002

ECO:0000256

match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion

InterPro:IPR000981
InterPro:IPR022423
InterPro:IPR036387

C

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007595

lactation

PMID:14624682[51]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

involved_in

GO:0007567

parturition

PMID:14624682[51]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

P

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0005184

neuropeptide hormone activity

PMID:15821089[36]

ECO:0000304

author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

enables

GO:0005179

hormone activity

GO_REF:0000037

ECO:0000322

imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion

UniProtKB-KW:KW-0372

F

Seeded From UniProt

complete

Notes

References

See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.

  1. Kasahara, Y et al. (2007) Impaired thermoregulatory ability of oxytocin-deficient mice during cold-exposure. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71 3122-6 PubMed GONUTS page
  2. Magalhaes, JK et al. (2009) Oxytocin pretreatment decreases oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions in pregnant rats in a concentration-dependent but not time-dependent manner. Reprod Sci 16 501-8 PubMed GONUTS page
  3. Asad, M et al. (2001) Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of oxytocin in rats and guinea pigs. Life Sci. 70 17-24 PubMed GONUTS page
  4. 4.0 4.1 Feng, M et al. (2009) Estradiol upregulates the expression of oxytocin receptor in colon in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 296 E1059-66 PubMed GONUTS page
  5. Succu, S et al. (2008) Oxytocin induces penile erection when injected into the ventral tegmental area of male rats: role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28 813-21 PubMed GONUTS page
  6. 6.0 6.1 Veenema, AH & Neumann, ID (2008) Central vasopressin and oxytocin release: regulation of complex social behaviours. Prog. Brain Res. 170 261-76 PubMed GONUTS page
  7. Theodosis, DT et al. (2006) Oxytocin and estrogen promote rapid formation of functional GABA synapses in the adult supraoptic nucleus. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 31 785-94 PubMed GONUTS page
  8. Yang, J et al. (2007) Effect of oxytocin on acupuncture analgesia in the rat. Neuropeptides 41 285-92 PubMed GONUTS page
  9. Martínez-Lorenzana, G et al. (2008) PVN electrical stimulation prolongs withdrawal latencies and releases oxytocin in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and spinal cord tissue in intact and neuropathic rats. Pain 140 265-73 PubMed GONUTS page
  10. Song, Z et al. (2001) cAMP stimulation of vasopressin and oxytocin release and regulation of vasopressin mRNA stability: role of auto-facilitation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13 158-65 PubMed GONUTS page
  11. Ruginsk, SG et al. (2007) Glucocorticoid modulation of neuronal activity and hormone secretion induced by blood volume expansion. Exp. Neurol. 206 192-200 PubMed GONUTS page
  12. Wang, YF & Hatton, GI (2007) Dominant role of betagamma subunits of G-proteins in oxytocin-evoked burst firing. J. Neurosci. 27 1902-12 PubMed GONUTS page
  13. Widmer, H et al. (2003) Neurosteroid regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release from the rat supraoptic nucleus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 548 233-44 PubMed GONUTS page
  14. Bale, TL et al. (2001) CNS region-specific oxytocin receptor expression: importance in regulation of anxiety and sex behavior. J. Neurosci. 21 2546-52 PubMed GONUTS page
  15. Elabd, SK et al. (2007) Possible neuroendocrine role for oxytocin in bone remodeling. Endocr Regul 41 131-41 PubMed GONUTS page
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  17. Petersson, M & Uvnäs-Moberg, K (2008) Postnatal oxytocin treatment of spontaneously hypertensive male rats decreases blood pressure and body weight in adulthood. Neurosci. Lett. 440 166-9 PubMed GONUTS page
  18. Zierer, R (1991) Impact of ether anesthesia on the hypophyseal content of oxytocin neurophysin I and II: a comparative study with ketamine in the rat. Life Sci. 49 1391-7 PubMed GONUTS page
  19. Wu, CL et al. (2003) Pharmacological effects of oxytocin on gastric emptying and intestinal transit of a non-nutritive liquid meal in female rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 367 406-13 PubMed GONUTS page
  20. Zelena, D et al. (2009) Vasopressin administration into the paraventricular nucleus normalizes plasma oxytocin and corticosterone levels in Brattleboro rats. Endocrinology 150 2791-8 PubMed GONUTS page
  21. Peters, JH et al. (2008) Oxytocin enhances cranial visceral afferent synaptic transmission to the solitary tract nucleus. J. Neurosci. 28 11731-40 PubMed GONUTS page
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  23. Gupta, J et al. (2008) Oxytocin-induced contractions within rat and rabbit ejaculatory tissues are mediated by vasopressin V1A receptors and not oxytocin receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 155 118-26 PubMed GONUTS page
  24. Figueira, RJ et al. (2008) Oxytocin receptor activity in the ventrocaudal periaqueductal gray modulates anxiety-related behavior in postpartum rats. Behav. Neurosci. 122 618-28 PubMed GONUTS page
  25. Yue, C et al. (2008) Differential kinetics of oxytocin and vasopressin heteronuclear RNA expression in the rat supraoptic nucleus in response to chronic salt loading in vivo. J. Neuroendocrinol. 20 227-32 PubMed GONUTS page
  26. McMurray, MS et al. (2008) Intergenerational effects of cocaine on maternal aggressive behavior and brain oxytocin in rat dams. Stress 11 398-410 PubMed GONUTS page
  27. Bernal, A et al. (2007) Oxytocin, water intake, and food sodium availability in male rats. Horm Behav 52 289-96 PubMed GONUTS page
  28. Li, C et al. (2008) Molecular mechanisms of antidiuretic effect of oxytocin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19 225-32 PubMed GONUTS page
  29. Lee, PR et al. (2007) Prenatal stress generates deficits in rat social behavior: Reversal by oxytocin. Brain Res. 1156 152-67 PubMed GONUTS page
  30. 30.0 30.1 Sun, X et al. (2009) The effects of alprostadil on hypothalamic and amygdalar function and the central expression of oxytocin: a potential central role of alprostadil cream. J Sex Med 6 81-90 PubMed GONUTS page
  31. Ochedalski, T et al. (2007) Interaction between oestrogen and oxytocin on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. J. Neuroendocrinol. 19 189-97 PubMed GONUTS page
  32. 32.0 32.1 Jankowski, M et al. (2004) Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 13074-9 PubMed GONUTS page
  33. Strakova, Z et al. (1998) ERK2 mediates oxytocin-stimulated PGE2 synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 274 E634-41 PubMed GONUTS page
  34. Hindmarch, C et al. (2008) Microarray analysis of the transcriptome of the subfornical organ in the rat: regulation by fluid and food deprivation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295 R1914-20 PubMed GONUTS page
  35. 35.0 35.1 Lukas, M et al. (2010) Maternal separation interferes with developmental changes in brain vasopressin and oxytocin receptor binding in male rats. Neuropharmacology 58 78-87 PubMed GONUTS page
  36. 36.0 36.1 Huber, D et al. (2005) Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala. Science 308 245-8 PubMed GONUTS page
  37. Lancel, M et al. (2003) Intracerebral oxytocin modulates sleep-wake behaviour in male rats. Regul. Pept. 114 145-52 PubMed GONUTS page
  38. Morel, G et al. (2001) Intrauterine oxytocin system. Compartmental distribution of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in rat endometrial epithelium. Cell Tissue Res. 304 377-82 PubMed GONUTS page
  39. Martins, AS et al. (2005) Hypertension and exercise training differentially affect oxytocin and oxytocin receptor expression in the brain. Hypertension 46 1004-9 PubMed GONUTS page
  40. Kumcu, EK et al. (2009) Differential effect of neocuproine, a copper(I) chelator, on contractile activity in isolated ovariectomized non-pregnant rat, pregnant rat and pregnant human uterus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 605 158-63 PubMed GONUTS page
  41. Wang, D et al. (2003) Genistein supplementation stimulates the oxytocin system in the aorta of ovariectomized rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 57 186-94 PubMed GONUTS page
  42. Onaka, T et al. (2003) Facilitative role of endogenous oxytocin in noradrenaline release in the rat supraoptic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18 3018-26 PubMed GONUTS page
  43. Olszewski, PK et al. (2009) Complexity of neural mechanisms underlying overconsumption of sugar in scheduled feeding: involvement of opioids, orexin, oxytocin and NPY. Peptides 30 226-33 PubMed GONUTS page
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