PMID:25870259

Citation	Rajaure, M, Berry, J, Kongari, R, Cahill, J and Young, R (2015) Membrane fusion during phage lysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112:5497-502
Abstract	In general, phages cause lysis of the bacterial host to effect release of the progeny virions. Until recently, it was thought that degradation of the peptidoglycan (PG) was necessary and sufficient for osmotic bursting of the cell. Recently, we have shown that in Gram-negative hosts, phage lysis also requires the disruption of the outer membrane (OM). This is accomplished by spanins, which are phage-encoded proteins that connect the cytoplasmic membrane (inner membrane, IM) and the OM. The mechanism by which the spanins destroy the OM is unknown. Here we show that the spanins of the paradigm coliphage lambda mediate efficient membrane fusion. This supports the notion that the last step of lysis is the fusion of the IM and OM. Moreover, data are provided indicating that spanin-mediated fusion is regulated by the meshwork of the PG, thus coupling fusion to murein degradation by the phage endolysin. Because endolysin function requires the formation of μm-scale holes by the phage holin, the lysis pathway is seen to require dramatic dynamics on the part of the OM and IM, as well as destruction of the PG.
Links	PubMed PMC4418876 Online version:10.1073/pnas.1420588112
Keywords	Bacteriophage lambda/physiology; Cell Membrane/genetics; Cell Membrane/metabolism; Endopeptidases/genetics; Endopeptidases/physiology; Escherichia coli/genetics; Escherichia coli/virology; Membrane Fusion; Peptidoglycan/genetics; Peptidoglycan/metabolism; Viral Proteins/genetics; Viral Proteins/metabolism; Virus Release/physiology
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
LAMBD:SPAN2		GO:0061025: membrane fusion	ECO:0007122:		P		Figure 3C shows the spheroplast fusion assay in lambda, in which inner membrane protein Rz and outer membrane protein Rz1 fuse together during the last step of the lytic stage. Green GFP displays Rz and red mCherry displays Rz1.	complete
LAMBD:SPAN1		GO:0061025: membrane fusion	ECO:0007122: in vitro assay evidence used in manual assertion		P		Figure 3C shows the spheroplast fusion assay in lambda, in which inner membrane protein Rz and outer membrane protein Rz1 fuse together during the last step of the lytic stage. Green GFP displays Rz and red mCherry displays Rz1.	complete CACAO 13519

References

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