GONUTS has been updated to MW1.31 Most things seem to be working but be sure to report problems.
PMID:23899645
| Citation |
Ding, L, Kim, SY and Michaels, SD (2013) FLOWERING LOCUS C EXPRESSOR family proteins regulate FLOWERING LOCUS C expression in both winter-annual and rapid-cycling Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 163:243-52 |
|---|---|
| Abstract |
Many naturally occurring Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are very late flowering, unless flowering is promoted by a prolonged period of cold (e.g. winter) known as vernalization. In these winter-annual strains, flowering prior to winter is blocked by the synergistic interaction of FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). FLC acts as a strong floral inhibitor, and FRI is required for high levels of FLC expression. Vernalization, in turn, leads to an epigenetic down-regulation of FLC expression. Most rapid-cycling Arabidopsis carry loss-of-function mutations in FRI, leading to low levels of FLC and rapid flowering in the absence of vernalization. Recent work has shown that FRI acts as a scaffolding protein for the assembly of a FRI complex (FRI-C) that includes both general transcription and chromatin-modifying factors, as well as FRI-specific components such as FRI-LIKE1, FRI ESSENTIAL1 (FES1), SUPPRESSOR OF FRI4 (SUF4), and FLC EXPRESSOR (FLX). Here, we show that FLX-LIKE4 (FLX4) is a novel component of the FRI-C and is essential for the activation of FLC by FRI. Both FLX and FLX4 contain leucine zipper domains that facilitate interaction with FRI. In addition, FLX and FLX4 interact with each other and show synergistic transcription activation activity. Interestingly, we show that FLX, FLX4, FES1, and SUF4 are required for basal levels of FLC expression in the absence of FRI. Thus, components of the FRI-C play a role in the regulation of FLC expression in both FRI-containing winter annuals, as well as fri-null rapid-cycling strains. |
| Links |
PubMed PMC3762645 Online version:10.1104/pp.113.223958 |
| Keywords |
Arabidopsis/genetics; Arabidopsis/growth & development; Arabidopsis/physiology; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism; Arabidopsis Proteins/physiology; Cold Temperature; Flowers/genetics; Flowers/growth & development; Flowers/physiology; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; MADS Domain Proteins/genetics; MADS Domain Proteins/metabolism; MADS Domain Proteins/physiology; Seasons |
Significance
Annotations
| Gene product | Qualifier | GO Term | Evidence Code | with/from | Aspect | Extension | Notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0010228: vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem |
ECO:0005027: genetic transformation evidence |
P |
Microarray found that FLX4 is required for the proper expression of a relatively small number of genes. Detected mutations in FLX4 are responsible for early-flowering. Supplemental Table S1 shows microarray results. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:2001255: positive regulation of histone H3-K36 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Figure 3 (D) and Figure 6 (C) show the ChIP-qPCR results where H3K36 is being methylated by FLX4. FLX4 promotes FLC expression and activates histone modification at the FLC locus. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:1905437: positive regulation of histone H3-K4 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Figure 3 (D) and figure 6 (C) show the results from the ChIP-qPCR which shows H3-K4 being methylated by FLX4. FLX4 promotes FLC expression and activates histone modifcations at the FLC locus. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:0005634: nucleus |
ECO:0005589: confocal microscopy evidence used in manual assertion |
C |
Figure 1 (F) shows using confocal microscopy that YFP tagged FLX4 that has nuclear localization. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:0045944: positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
ECO:0005805: |
P |
Figure 5 (A & E) shows that FLX grows by itself in -T and FLX+FLX4 grows. This shows FLX is involved in transcription activation. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:1905437: positive regulation of histone H3-K4 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Figure 6 (C) shows that FES1 methylates histone H3-K4. This helps to promote FLC expression. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:2001255: positive regulation of histone H3-K36 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Figure 6 (C) shows that FES1 methylates histone H3-K36. This helps to promote FLC expression. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:1905437: positive regulation of histone H3-K4 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: |
P |
Figure 6 (C) shows that SUF4 methylates histone H3-K4. This helps with promoting FLC expression. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:2001255: positive regulation of histone H3-K36 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: |
P |
Figure 6 (C) shows that SUF4 methylates histone H3-K36. This helps with promoting FLC expression. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
| GO:2001255: positive regulation of histone H3-K36 trimethylation |
ECO:0007129: |
P |
Figure 6 (C) shows that FLR1 methylates histone H3K36. FRL1 mutants showed a strong increase in H3K36 methylation that may account for the slight increase in FLC expression. Arabidopsis thaliana |
complete | ||||
Notes
See also
References
See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.
