PMID:12065424

Citation	Møller-Jensen, J, Jensen, RB, Löwe, J and Gerdes, K (2002) Prokaryotic DNA segregation by an actin-like filament. EMBO J. 21:3119-27
Abstract	The mechanisms responsible for prokaryotic DNA segregation are largely unknown. The partitioning locus (par) encoded by the Escherichia coli plasmid R1 actively segregates its replicon to daughter cells. We show here that the ParM ATPase encoded by par forms dynamic actin-like filaments with properties expected for a force-generating protein. Filament formation depended on the other components encoded by par, ParR and the centromere-like parC region to which ParR binds. Mutants defective in ParM ATPase exhibited hyperfilamentation and did not support plasmid partitioning. ParM polymerization was ATP dependent, and depolymerization of ParM filaments required nucleotide hydrolysis. Our in vivo and in vitro results indicate that ParM polymerization generates the force required for directional movement of plasmids to opposite cell poles and that the ParR-parC complex functions as a nucleation point for ParM polymerization. Hence, we provide evidence for a simple prokaryotic analogue of the eukaryotic mitotic spindle apparatus.
Links	PubMed PMC126073 Online version:10.1093/emboj/cdf320
Keywords	Actins/classification; Actins/genetics; Actins/metabolism; Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics; Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins/genetics; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism; Bacterial Proteins/ultrastructure; Cytoskeleton/genetics; Cytoskeleton/metabolism; DNA Topoisomerase IV/metabolism; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism; Escherichia coli/cytology; Escherichia coli/metabolism; Magnesium/metabolism; Models, Biological; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymers; Repressor Proteins/metabolism; Sequence Alignment
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
ECOLX:PARM		GO:0030541: plasmid partitioning	ECO:0000315:		P		ParM is an actin-like protein which generates dynamic filaments that are necessary for Plasmid DNA segregation. The filament polymerization is activated only with the presence of ATP-bound form of ParM protein (PMID:20550930). Using the combined phase-contrast and immunofluorescence microscopy, figure 2C demonstrates the cells with mutation of ParM proteins fail to bind and hydrolyse ATP, leading to incorrect segregation of plasmid DNA.	complete CACAO 11548

References

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