PMID:26934950

Citation	Igarashi, Y, Chosa, N, Sawada, S, Kondo, H, Yaegashi, T and Ishisaki, A (2016) VEGF-C and TGF-β reciprocally regulate mesenchymal stem cell commitment to differentiation into lymphatic endothelial or osteoblastic phenotypes. Int. J. Mol. Med. 37:1005-13
Abstract	The direction of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is regulated by stimulation with various growth factors and cytokines. We recently established MSC lines, [transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-responsive SG‑2 cells, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-responsive SG‑3 cells, and TGF-β/BMP-non-responsive SG‑5 cells], derived from the bone marrow of green fluorescent protein-transgenic mice. In this study, to compare gene expression profiles in these MSC lines, we used DNA microarray analysis to characterize the specific gene expression profiles observed in the TGF-β-responsive SG‑2 cells. Among the genes that were highly expressed in the SG‑2 cells, we focused on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 3 (VEGFR3), the gene product of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 4 (Flt4). We found that VEGF-C, a specific ligand of VEGFR3, significantly induced the cell proliferative activity, migratory ability (as shown by Transwell migration assay), as well as the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in the SG‑2 cells. Additionally, VEGF-C significantly increased the expression of prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (Lyve1), which are lymphatic endothelial cell markers, and decreased the expression of osteogenic differentiation marker genes in these cells. By contrast, TGF-β significantly increased the expression of early-phase osteogenic differentiation marker genes in the SG‑2 cells and markedly decreased the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers. The findings of our study strongly suggest the following: i) that VEGF-C promotes the proliferative activity and migratory ability of MSCs; and ii) VEGF-C and TGF-β reciprocally regulate MSC commitment to differentiation into lymphatic endothelial or osteoblastic phenotypes, respectively. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regenerative ability of MSCs.
Links	PubMed PMC4790684 Online version:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2502
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
MOUSE:VEGFC		GO:1902462: positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation	ECO:0000314:		P		Figure 2A shows increased proliferation of the MSC SG-2 cell line.	complete CACAO 11550
MOUSE:VEGFC		GO:0030335: positive regulation of cell migration	ECO:0000314:		P		Figure 2B shows increased cell migration especially in the MSC SG-2 line.	complete CACAO 11551
MOUSE:VEGFC		GO:0045860: positive regulation of protein kinase activity	ECO:0000314:		P		Figure 3 shows increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation.	complete CACAO 11552
MOUSE:VEGFC		GO:0060836: lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation	ECO:0000314:		P		Figure 4 A and B shows increased levels of expression of genes specific to lymphatic endothelial cell, Prox1 and Lyve1.	complete CACAO 11553
MOUSE:VEGFC		GO:0045668: negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation	ECO:0000314:		P		Figure 4 C-F shows reduced expression of late-stage osteogenic differentiation marker genes.	complete CACAO 11554

References

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