PMID:26678143

Citation	Guerrero-Ramos, E, Cordero, J, Molina-González, D, Poeta, P, Igrejas, G, Alonso-Calleja, C and Capita, R (2016) Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in enterococci from wild game meat in Spain. Food Microbiol. 53:156-64
Abstract	A total of 55 enterococci (45 Enterococcus faecium, 7 Enterococcus faecalis, and three Enterococcus durans) isolated from the meat of wild game animals (roe deer, boar, rabbit, pheasant, and pigeon) in North-Western Spain were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials by the disc diffusion method. All strains showed a multi-resistant phenotype (resistance to between three and 10 antimicrobials). The strains exhibited high percentages of resistance to erythromycin (89.1%), tetracycline (67.3%), ciprofloxacin (92.7%), nitrofurantoin (67.3%), and quinupristin-dalfopristin (81.8%). The lowest values (9.1%) were observed for high-level resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. The average number of resistances per strain was 5.8 for E. faecium isolates, 7.9 for E. faecalis, and 5.7 for E. durans. Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence were studied by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 15 (57.7%) of the 26 vancomycin-resistant isolates harboured the vanA gene. Other resistance genes detected included vanB, erm(B) and/or erm(C), tet(L) and/or tet(M), acc(6')-aph(2″), and aph(3')-IIIa in strains resistant to vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and kanamycin, respectively. Specific genes of the Tn5397 transposon were detected in 54.8% of the tet(M)-positive enterococci. Nine virulence factors (gelE, agg, ace, cpd, frs, esp, hyl, efaAfs and efaAfm) were studied. All virulence genes, with the exception of the frs gene, were found to be present in the enterococcal isolates. At least one virulence gene was detected in 20.0% of E. faecium, 71.4% of E. faecalis and 33.3% of E. durans isolates, with ace and cpd being the most frequently detected genes (6 isolates each). This suggests that wild game meat might play a role in the spreading through the food chain of enterococci with antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants to humans.
Links	PubMed Online version:10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.007
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
ENTFC:VANA		GO:0022607: cellular component assembly	ECO:0000317:	UniProtKB:P25051	P		The vanA gene in Enterococcus faecium encodes for D-alanine D-lactate ligase which promotes ester bond formation producing a new peptidoglycan within the cell. This peptidoglycan inhibits vancomysin binding being it is a glycopeptide antibiotic. The GO ID shows the cellular component assembly pathaway which is what the formation of a new peptidoglycan is thus creating Vancomycin resistance. The Pubmed article shows the study showing that vanA has been proven to contain antibiotic resistant properties in animals and when included in our diet, further promotes antibiotic resistant bacterial strains in humans	complete CACAO 11292

References

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