PMID:20035773

Citation	Hama, AT and Sagen, J Cannabinoid receptor-mediated antinociception with acetaminophen drug combinations in rats with neuropathic spinal cord injury pain. Neuropharmacology 58:758-66
Abstract	Pre-clinical evidence demonstrates that neuropathic spinal cord injury (SCI) pain is maintained by a number of neurobiological mechanisms, suggesting that treatments directed at several pain-related targets may be more advantageous compared to a treatment focused on a single target. The current study evaluated the efficacy of the non-opiate analgesic acetaminophen, which has several putative analgesic mechanisms, combined with analgesic drugs used to treat neuropathic pain in a rat model of below-level neuropathic SCI pain. Following an acute compression of the mid-thoracic spinal cord, rats exhibited robust hind paw hypersensitivity to innocuous mechanical stimulation. Fifty percent antinociceptive doses of gabapentin, morphine, tramadol or memantine were combined with an ineffective dose of acetaminophen; acetaminophen alone was not antinociceptive. The combination of acetaminophen with either tramadol or memantine resulted in an additive antinociceptive effect. Acetaminophen combined with either morphine or gabapentin, however, resulted in supra-additive (synergistic) efficacy. One of the analgesic mechanisms of acetaminophen is inhibiting the uptake of endocannabinoids from the extracellular space. Pre-treatment with AM251, a cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1) antagonist, significantly diminished the antinociceptive effect of the acetaminophen + gabapentin combination. Pre-treatment with AM630, a cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2) antagonist, did not have an effect on this combination. By contrast, both AM251 and AM630 reduced the efficacy of the acetaminophen + morphine combination. None of the active drugs alone were affected by either CB receptor antagonist. The results imply that modulation of the endocannabinoid system in addition to other mechanisms mediate the synergistic antinociceptive effects of acetaminophen combinations. Despite the presence of a cannabinoid mechanism, synergism was not present in all acetaminophen combinations. The combination of currently available drugs may be an appropriate option in ameliorating neuropathic SCI pain if single drug therapy is ineffective.
Links	PubMed PMC2826109 Online version:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.12.010
Keywords	Acetaminophen/administration & dosage; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage; Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neuralgia/drug therapy; Neuralgia/physiopathology; Pain/drug therapy; Pain/physiopathology; Pain Measurement/drug effects; Pain Measurement/methods; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cannabinoid/physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries/drug therapy; Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism; Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
RAT:CNR1	involved_in	GO:0019233: sensory perception of pain	ECO:0000315: mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion		P		Seeded From UniProt	complete

References

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