PMID:24188660

Citation	Zhang, X, Hu, X, Li, Y, Ding, X, Yang, Q, Sun, Y, Yu, Z, Xia, L and Hu, S (2014) XaxAB-like binary toxin from Photorhabdus luminescens exhibits both insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 350:48-56
Abstract	The enterobacterium Photorhabdus luminescens produces a number of toxins to kill its insect host. By analyzing the genomic sequence of P. luminescens TT01, we found that amino acid sequences encoded by plu1961 and plu1962 showed high similarity to XaxAB binary toxin of Xenorhabuds nematophila, which has both necrotic and apoptotic activities in both insect and mammalian cells in vitro. To evaluate the biological activity of Plu1961/Plu1962, their coding genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Both Plu1961 and Plu1962 were expressed as soluble protein in BL21 (DE3) and their mixture caused insect midgut CF-203 cells death via necrosis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that Plu1961/Plu1962 mixture was able to depolymerize microtubule and induce the increase in plasma membrane permeabilization in CF-203 cells. Moreover, co-expression of Plu1961/Plu1962 in the same cytoplasm exhibited cytotoxic effect against mammalian cells (B16, 4T1, and HeLa cells) and injectable activity against Spodoptera exigua larvae. Until now, two types of binary toxins have been identified in P. luminescens, the first type is PirAB and Plu1961/Plu1962 is the second one. The biological role of Plu1961/Plu1962 binary toxin played in the infection process should attract more attention in future.
Links	PubMed Online version:10.1111/1574-6968.12321
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
PHOLL:Q7N5I7	involved_in	GO:0052043: modification by symbiont of host cellular component	ECO:0000314: direct assay evidence used in manual assertion		P		Seeded From UniProt	complete
PHOLL:Q7N5I7		GO:0052043: modification by symbiont of host cellular component	ECO:0000314:		P		It was inferred from figure 4 in the article that the amino acids encoded by PLU1961 play a key role in cytotoxicity when combined with the amino acids encoded by PLU1962. When injected individually into cells there was little to no microtuble deploymerization, and this could be seen via confocal microscopy.	complete CACAO 9788
PHOLL:Q7N5I6	involved_in	GO:0052039: modification by symbiont of host cytoskeleton	ECO:0000314: direct assay evidence used in manual assertion		P		Seeded From UniProt	complete
PHOLL:Q7N5I6		GO:0052039: modification by symbiont of host cytoskeleton	ECO:0000314:		P		It was inferred from figure 4 in the article that the amino acids encoded by plu1962 play a key role in the effectiveness of the cytotoxicity. When a sample was injected without the plu1962 there was no microtubule depolymerization. When only injected with plu1962 amino acids, there was microtubule depolymerization but not to the same extent as when plu1962 and plu1961 amino acids were injected. All this was observable by confocal microscopy.	complete CACAO 9789

References

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