PMID:22562201

Citation	Kent, LN, Ohboshi, S and Soares, MJ (2012) Akt1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) regulate placentation and fetal/postnatal development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 56:255-61
Abstract	Phenotypic characterization of Akt1 and Igf2 null mice has revealed roles for each in the regulation of placentation, and fetal and postnatal growth. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is encoded by the Igf2 gene and influences cellular function, at least in part, through activation of an intracellular serine/threonine kinase called AKT1. Akt1 and Igf2 null mice were originally characterized on inbred and mixed genetic backgrounds, prohibiting direct comparisons of their phenotypes. The impact of loss of AKT1 or IGF2 on placental, fetal, and postnatal function were examined following transfer of Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations to an outbred CD1 genetic background. Disruption of IGF2 did not affect AKT expression or activation. Both Akt1-/- and Igf2-/- mice exhibited decreased placental weight, fetal weight and viability. Deregulation of placental growth was similar in Akt1 and Igf2 nulls; however, disruption of Igf2 had a more severe impact on prenatal survival and postnatal growth. Placental structure, including organization of junctional and labyrinth zones and development of the interstitial, invasive, trophoblast lineage, were similar in mutant and wild-type mice. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations affected postnatal growth. The relative impact of each gene differed during pre-weaning versus post-weaning growth phases. AKT1 had a more significant role during pre-weaning growth, whereas IGF2 was a bigger contributor to post-weaning growth. Akt1 and Igf2 null mutations impact placental, fetal and postnatal growth. Placental phenotypes are similar; however, fetal and postnatal growth patterns are unique to each mutation.
Links	PubMed Online version:10.1387/ijdb.113407lk
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blotting, Western; Female; Fetal Development/genetics; Fetal Development/physiology; Fetal Viability/genetics; Fetal Viability/physiology; Immunohistochemistry; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Organ Size; Placenta/growth & development; Placenta/metabolism; Placentation/genetics; Placentation/physiology; Pregnancy; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism; Weaning
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
MOUSE:IGF2		GO:0060720: spongiotrophoblast cell proliferation	ECO:0000315: mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion		P		Figure 3, along with the results section, shows that placental growth and cell proliferation was reduced in Igf2-/- mice as compared to wild type mice.	complete CACAO 6550

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