PMID:21964591

PMID:21964591 has been retracted.

Citation	Lokireddy, S, McFarlane, C, Ge, X, Zhang, H, Sze, SK, Sharma, M and Kambadur, R (2011) Myostatin induces degradation of sarcomeric proteins through a Smad3 signaling mechanism during skeletal muscle wasting. Mol. Endocrinol. 25:1936-49
Abstract	Ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis is a hallmark of skeletal muscle wasting manifested in response to negative growth factors, including myostatin. Thus, the characterization of signaling mechanisms that induce the ubiquitination of intracellular and sarcomeric proteins during skeletal muscle wasting is of great importance. We have recently characterized myostatin as a potent negative regulator of myogenesis and further demonstrated that elevated levels of myostatin in circulation results in the up-regulation of the muscle-specific E3 ligases, Atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger protein 1 (MuRF1). However, the exact signaling mechanisms by which myostatin regulates the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, as well as the proteins targeted for degradation in response to excess myostatin, remain to be elucidated. In this report, we have demonstrated that myostatin signals through Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) to activate forkhead box O1 and Atrogin-1 expression, which further promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation of critical sarcomeric proteins. Smad3 signaling was dispensable for myostatin-dependent overexpression of MuRF1. Although down-regulation of Atrogin-1 expression rescued approximately 80% of sarcomeric protein loss induced by myostatin, only about 20% rescue was seen when MuRF1 was silenced, implicating that Atrogin-1 is the predominant E3 ligase through which myostatin manifests skeletal muscle wasting. Furthermore, we have highlighted that Atrogin-1 not only associates with myosin heavy and light chain, but it also ubiquitinates these sarcomeric proteins. Based on presented data we propose a model whereby myostatin induces skeletal muscle wasting through targeting sarcomeric proteins via Smad3-mediated up-regulation of Atrogin-1 and forkhead box O1.
Links	PubMed Online version:10.1210/me.2011-1124
Keywords	Activin Receptors, Type II/genetics; Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism; Animals; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Follistatin/genetics; Follistatin/metabolism; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics; Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism; Immunoblotting; Immunoprecipitation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Mutant Strains; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism; Muscle Proteins/genetics; Muscle Proteins/metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism; Myostatin/genetics; Myostatin/metabolism; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/genetics; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases/metabolism; Smad3 Protein/genetics; Smad3 Protein/metabolism; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism; Ubiquitination
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