PMID:15213144

Citation	Sha, J, Fadl, AA, Klimpel, GR, Niesel, DW, Popov, VL and Chopra, AK (2004) The two murein lipoproteins of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contribute to the virulence of the organism. Infect. Immun. 72:3987-4003
Abstract	Septic shock due to Salmonella and other gram-negative enteric pathogens is a leading cause of death worldwide. The role of lipopolysaccharide in sepsis is well studied; however, the contribution of other bacterial outer membrane components, such as Braun (murein) lipoprotein (Lpp), is not well defined. The genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium harbors two copies of the lipoprotein (lpp) gene. We constructed a serovar Typhimurium strain with deletions in both copies of the lpp gene (lpp1 and lpp2) by marker exchange mutagenesis. The integrity of the cell membrane and the secretion of the effector proteins through the type III secretion system were not affected in the lpp double-knockout mutant. Subsequently, the virulence potential of this mutant was examined in a cell culture system using T84 intestinal epithelial and RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines and a mouse model of salmonellosis. The lpp double-knockout mutant was defective in invading and inducing cytotoxic effects in T84 and RAW264.7 cells, although binding of the mutant to the host cell was not affected when compared to the wild-type (WT) serovar Typhimurium. The motility of the mutant was impaired, despite the finding that the number of flagella was similar in the lpp double knockout mutant and the WT serovar Typhimurium. Deletion in the lpp genes did not affect the intracellular survival and replication of Salmonella in macrophages and T84 cells. Induction of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8 (IL-8) was significantly reduced in macrophages and T84 cells infected with the lpp double-knockout mutant. The levels of IL-8 remained unaffected in T84 cells when infected with either live or heat-killed WT and lpp mutant, indicating that invasion was not required for IL-8 production and that Toll-like receptor 2 signaling might be affected in the Lpp double-knockout mutant. These effects of the Lpp protein could be restored by complementation of the isogenic mutant. The lpp double-knockout mutant was avirulent in mice, and animals infected with this mutant were protected from a lethal challenge dose of WT serovar Typhimurium. The severe combined immunodeficient mice, on the other hand, were susceptible to infection by the lpp double-knockout mutant. The serovar Typhimurium mutants from which only one of the lpp (lpp1 or lpp2) genes was deleted were also avirulent in mice. Taken together, our data indicated that Lpp specifically contributed to the virulence of the organism.
Links	PubMed PMC427434 Online version:10.1128/IAI.72.7.3987-4003.2004
Keywords	Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Cytokines/metabolism; Gene Deletion; Lipoproteins/genetics; Lipoproteins/metabolism; Mice; Mice, SCID; Peptidoglycan/genetics; Peptidoglycan/metabolism; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics; Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity; Virulence/genetics; Virulence/physiology; Virulence Factors/genetics; Virulence Factors/metabolism
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
SALTY:LPP1		GO:0009405: pathogenesis	ECO:0000315:		P		Fig. 5 Cells infected with the lpp double-knockout mutant revealed a reduction of about 80% in cell death.	complete
SALTY:LPP1		GO:0009406: virulence	ECO:0000315:		P		Fig. 8 Lethal dose of WT serovar Typhimurium for oral challenge was 3,000 CFU, and that for i.p. challenge was 40 CFU. However, Lpp deficient serovar Typhimurium had no adverse health effects on mice following either oral challenge or i.p. challenge. The author also noted that infection of mice (n = 5 in each group) with the single lpp isogenic mutant (lpp1 or lpp2) was not lethal as noted for the double-knockout mutant (mutant 67). Similarly, no lethality was noted with the mutants in mice when they were fed with 106 bacteria orally.	complete

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