PMID:15046722

Citation	McCabe, BD, Hom, S, Aberle, H, Fetter, RD, Marques, G, Haerry, TE, Wan, H, O'Connor, MB, Goodman, CS and Haghighi, AP (2004) Highwire regulates presynaptic BMP signaling essential for synaptic growth. Neuron 41:891-905
Abstract	Highwire (Hiw), a putative RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates synaptic growth at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. hiw mutants have dramatically larger synaptic size and increased numbers of synaptic boutons. Here we show that Hiw binds to the Smad protein Medea (Med). Med is part of a presynaptic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling cascade consisting of three receptor subunits, Wit, Tkv, and Sax, in addition to the Smad transcription factor Mad. When compared to wild-type, mutants of BMP signaling components have smaller NMJ size, reduced neurotransmitter release, and aberrant synaptic ultrastructure. BMP signaling mutants suppress the excessive synaptic growth in hiw mutants. Activation of BMP signaling, which in wild-type does not cause additional growth, in hiw mutants does lead to further synaptic expansion. These results reveal a balance between positive BMP signaling and negative regulation by Highwire, governing the growth of neuromuscular synapses.
Links	PubMed
Keywords	Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism; Cell Differentiation/genetics; Cell Size/genetics; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism; Drosophila Proteins/genetics; Drosophila Proteins/metabolism; Drosophila melanogaster/growth & development; Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism; Drosophila melanogaster/ultrastructure; Microscopy, Electron; Motor Neurons/cytology; Motor Neurons/metabolism; Mutation/genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism; Neuromuscular Junction/growth & development; Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism; Neuromuscular Junction/ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism; Presynaptic Terminals/pathology; Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure; Protein Binding/genetics; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism; Signal Transduction/genetics; Smad4 Protein; Synaptic Transmission/genetics; Trans-Activators/genetics; Trans-Activators/metabolism
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