PMID:12832397

Citation	Elliot, MA, Karoonuthaisiri, N, Huang, J, Bibb, MJ, Cohen, SN, Kao, CM and Buttner, MJ (2003) The chaplins: a family of hydrophobic cell-surface proteins involved in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Genes Dev. 17:1727-40
Abstract	The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor differentiates by forming specialized, spore-bearing aerial hyphae that grow into the air. Using microarrays, we identified genes that are down-regulated in a mutant unable to erect aerial hyphae. Through this route, we identified a previously unknown layer of aerial mycelium surface proteins (the "chaplins"). The chaplins share a hydrophobic domain of approximately 40 residues (the "chaplin domain"), and all have a secretion signal. The five short chaplins (ChpD,E,F,G,H) have one chaplin domain, whereas the three long chaplins (ChpA,B,C) have two chaplin domains and a C-terminal "sorting signal" that targets them for covalent attachment to the cell wall by sortase enzyme. Expression of the two chaplin genes examined (chpE, chpH) depended on aerial hyphae formation but not sporulation, and egfp fusions showed their expression localized to aerial structures. Mass spectrometry of cell wall extracts confirmed that the short chaplins localized to the cell surface. Deletion of chaplin genes caused severe delays in aerial hyphae formation, a phenotype rescued by exogenous application of chaplin proteins. These observations implicate the chaplins in aerial mycelium formation, and suggest that coating of the envelope by the chaplins is required for aerial hyphae to grow out of the aqueous environment of the substrate mycelium into the air.
Links	PubMed PMC196181 Online version:10.1101/gad.264403
Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Wall/metabolism; Gene Expression Profiling; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hyphae/growth & development; Molecular Sequence Data; Proteins/metabolism; Sequence Alignment; Streptomyces/growth & development
edit table

Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
STRCO:Q9L1J8		GO:0007165: signal transduction	ECO:0000315:		P		Figure 6. Shows that deletion of the chaplin genes causes severe delays in aerial hyphae formation.	complete CACAO 5294
STRCO:Q8CJY7		GO:0043581: mycelium development	ECO:0000316:	UniProtKB:Q9AD92 UniProtKB:Q9AD93 UniProtKB:Q9L1J9	P		Figure 6. Shows that loss of chpA (in a chpA,C,D,H quadruple knockout) delayed aerial hyphae formation and sporulation.	complete CACAO 5707
STRCO:Q9AD93		GO:0043581: mycelium development	ECO:0000316:	UniProtKB:Q8CJY7 UniProtKB:Q9AD92 UniProtKB:Q9L1J9	P		Figure 6. Shows that the loss of chpC (in a chpA, C, D, H quadruple knockout) had delayed aerial hyphae formation and sporulaion.	complete CACAO 5729
STRCO:Q9L1J9		GO:0043581: mycelium development	ECO:0000316:	UniProtKB:Q8CJY7 UniProtKB:Q9AD92 UniProtKB:Q9AD93	P		Figure 6. Shows that the loss of chpD (in a chpA, C, D, H quadruple knockout) had delayed aerial hyphae formation and sporulaion	complete CACAO 5903
STRCO:Q9AD92		GO:0043581: mycelium development	ECO:0000316:	UniProtKB:Q8CJY7 UniProtKB:Q9AD93 UniProtKB:Q9L1J9	P		Figure 6. Shows that the loss of chpH (in a chpA, C, D, H quadruple knockout) had delayed aerial hyphae formation and sporulaion.	complete CACAO 5904
STRCO:Q9X7U2		GO:0043581: mycelium development	ECO:0000316:	UniProtKB:Q8CJY7 UniProtKB:Q9AD92 UniProtKB:Q9AD93 UniProtKB:Q9L1J9	P		Figure 6. Shows a that more severe phenotype was seen when an additional deletion removed the last remaining sortase-targeted chaplin gene, chpB, to generate a chpA,B,C,D,H quintuple mutant, with a greater delay in aerial hyphae formation, and an almost complete lack of sporulation	complete CACAO 6036

References

See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.