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PMID:10859164
Citation |
Liu, Q, Guntuku, S, Cui, XS, Matsuoka, S, Cortez, D, Tamai, K, Luo, G, Carattini-Rivera, S, DeMayo, F, Bradley, A, Donehower, LA and Elledge, SJ (2000) Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 14:1448-59 |
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Abstract |
Chk1, an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase, has been implicated in cell cycle checkpoint control in lower eukaryotes. By gene disruption, we show that CHK1 deficiency results in a severe proliferation defect and death in embryonic stem (ES) cells, and peri-implantation embryonic lethality in mice. Through analysis of a conditional CHK1-deficient cell line, we demonstrate that ES cells lacking Chk1 have a defective G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint in response to gamma-irradiation (IR). CHK1 heterozygosity modestly enhances the tumorigenesis phenotype of WNT-1 transgenic mice. We show that in human cells, Chk1 is phosphorylated on serine 345 (S345) in response to UV, IR, and hydroxyurea (HU). Overexpression of wild-type Atr enhances, whereas overexpression of the kinase-defective mutant Atr inhibits S345 phosphorylation of Chk1 induced by UV treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that Chk1 plays an essential role in the mammalian DNA damage checkpoint, embryonic development, and tumor suppression, and that Atr regulates Chk1. |
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Keywords |
Alleles; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cells, Cultured; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Female; Flow Cytometry; G2 Phase; Gamma Rays; Heterozygote; Humans; Hydroxyurea/pharmacology; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mitosis/drug effects; Mitosis/radiation effects; Models, Genetic; Mutagenesis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Nocodazole/pharmacology; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinases/genetics; Protein Kinases/metabolism; Protein Kinases/physiology; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism; Stem Cells; Time Factors; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism; Ultraviolet Rays |
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Significance
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Gene product | Qualifier | GO ID | GO term name | Evidence Code | with/from | Aspect | Notes | Status |
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