PMID:10068474

Citation	Nakajo, N, Oe, T, Uto, K and Sagata, N (1999) Involvement of Chk1 kinase in prophase I arrest of Xenopus oocytes. Dev. Biol. 207:432-44
Abstract	Chk1 kinase, a DNA damage/replication G2 checkpoint kinase, has recently been shown to phosphorylate and inhibit Cdc25C, a Cdc2 Tyr-15 phosphatase, thereby directly linking the G2 checkpoint to negative regulation of Cdc2. Immature Xenopus oocytes are arrested naturally at the first meiotic prophase (prophase I) or the late G2 phase, with sustained Cdc2 Tyr-15 phosphorylation. Here we have cloned a Xenopus homolog of Chk1, determined its developmental expression, and examined its possible role in prophase I arrest of oocytes. Xenopus Chk1 protein is expressed at approximately constant levels throughout oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis. Overexpression of wild-type Chk1 in oocytes prevents the release from prophase I arrest by progesterone. Conversely, specific inhibition of endogenous Chk1 either by overexpression of a dominant-negative Chk1 mutant or by injection of a neutralizing anti-Chk1 antibody facilitates prophase I release by progesterone. Moreover, when ectopically expressed in oocytes, a Chk1-nonphosphorylatable Cdc25C mutant alone can induce prophase I release much more efficiently than wild-type Cdc25C; if endogenous Chk1 function is inhibited, however, even wild-type Cdc25C can induce the release very efficiently. These results suggest strongly that Chk1 is involved in physiological prophase I arrest of Xenopus oocytes via the direct phosphorylation and inhibition of Cdc25C. We discuss the possibility that Chk1 might function either as a G2 checkpoint kinase or as an ordinary cell cycle regulator in prophase-I-arrested oocytes.
Links	PubMed Online version:10.1006/dbio.1998.9178
Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism; Cloning, Molecular; Embryonic Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Meiosis/genetics; Microinjections; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Oocytes/enzymology; Oocytes/metabolism; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism; Phosphorylation; Progesterone/pharmacology; Prophase/genetics; Protein Kinases/genetics; Protein Kinases/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Sequence Alignment; Time Factors; Xenopus/embryology; cdc25 Phosphatases
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Annotations

Gene product	Qualifier	GO Term	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Extension	Notes	Status
XENLA:CHK1	involved_in	GO:0006468: protein phosphorylation	ECO:0000315: mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion		P		Seeded From UniProt	complete
XENLA:CHK1		GO:0006468: protein phosphorylation	ECO:0000315:		P		Figure 3	complete CACAO 2859

References

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