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PMID:16955138
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| Citation |
Engelking, LJ, Evers, BM, Richardson, JA, Goldstein, JL, Brown, MS and Liang, G (2006) Severe facial clefting in Insig-deficient mouse embryos caused by sterol accumulation and reversed by lovastatin. J. Clin. Invest. 116:2356-65 |
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| Abstract |
Insig-1 and Insig-2 are regulatory proteins that restrict the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway by preventing proteolytic activation of SREBPs and by enhancing degradation of HMG-CoA reductase. Here, we created Insig-double-knockout (Insig-DKO) mice that are homozygous for null mutations in Insig-1 and Insig-2. After 18.5 days of development, 96% of Insig-DKO embryos had defects in midline facial development, ranging from cleft palate (52%) to complete cleft face (44%). Middle and inner ear structures were abnormal, but teeth and skeletons were normal. The animals were lethargic and runted; they died within 1 day of birth. The livers and heads of Insig-DKO embryos overproduced sterols, causing a marked buildup of sterol intermediates. Treatment of pregnant mice with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin reduced sterol synthesis in Insig-DKO embryos and reduced the pre-cholesterol intermediates. This treatment ameliorated the clefting syndrome so that 54% of Insig-DKO mice had normal faces, and only 7% had cleft faces. We conclude that buildup of pre-cholesterol sterol intermediates interferes with midline fusion of facial structures in mice. These findings have implications for the pathogenesis of the cleft palate component of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and other human malformation syndromes in which mutations in enzymes catalyzing steps in cholesterol biosynthesis produce a buildup of sterol intermediates. |
| Links |
PubMed PMC1555642 Online version:10.1172/JCI28988 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Bone and Bones/drug effects; Bone and Bones/embryology; Female; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use; Lovastatin/therapeutic use; Membrane Proteins/deficiency; Membrane Proteins/genetics; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mouth Abnormalities/genetics; Mouth Abnormalities/prevention & control; Pregnancy; Sterols/metabolism |
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