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HUMAN:IL8
Contents
| Species (Taxon ID) | Homo sapiens (Human). (9606) | |
| Gene Name(s) | CXCL8 (synonyms: IL8) | |
| Protein Name(s) | Interleukin-8
IL-8 C-X-C motif chemokine 8 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 Emoctakin Granulocyte chemotactic protein 1 GCP-1 Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor MDNCF Monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide MONAP Neutrophil-activating protein 1 NAP-1 Protein 3-10C T-cell chemotactic factor MDNCF-a GCP/IL-8 protein IV IL8/NAP1 form I Interleukin-8 (Ala-IL-8)77 GCP/IL-8 protein II IL-8(1-77) IL8/NAP1 form II MDNCF-b IL-8(5-77) IL-8(6-77) (Ser-IL-8)72 GCP/IL-8 protein I IL8/NAP1 form III Lymphocyte-derived neutrophil-activating factor LYNAP MDNCF-c Neutrophil-activating factor NAF IL-8(7-77) GCP/IL-8 protein V IL8/NAP1 form IV IL-8(8-77) GCP/IL-8 protein VI IL8/NAP1 form V IL-8(9-77) GCP/IL-8 protein III IL8/NAP1 form VI | |
| External Links | ||
| UniProt | P10145 | |
| EMBL | M17017 Y00787 M28130 M26383 D14283 AF043337 AK311874 BT007067 CR542151 AF385628 CH471057 BC013615 Z11686 | |
| CCDS | CCDS34005.1 | |
| PIR | A37034 | |
| RefSeq | NP_000575.1 | |
| UniGene | Hs.624 | |
| PDB | 1ICW 1IKL 1IKM 1IL8 1ILP 1ILQ 1QE6 1ROD 2IL8 3IL8 | |
| PDBsum | 1ICW 1IKL 1IKM 1IL8 1ILP 1ILQ 1QE6 1ROD 2IL8 3IL8 | |
| ProteinModelPortal | P10145 | |
| SMR | P10145 | |
| BioGrid | 109790 | |
| DIP | DIP-3778N | |
| IntAct | P10145 | |
| MINT | MINT-1516890 | |
| BindingDB | P10145 | |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2157 | |
| DMDM | 124359 | |
| PaxDb | P10145 | |
| PRIDE | P10145 | |
| DNASU | 3576 | |
| Ensembl | ENST00000307407 | |
| GeneID | 3576 | |
| KEGG | hsa:3576 | |
| UCSC | uc003hhe.3 | |
| CTD | 3576 | |
| GeneCards | GC04P074595 | |
| HGNC | HGNC:6025 | |
| HPA | HPA057179 | |
| MIM | 146930 | |
| neXtProt | NX_P10145 | |
| PharmGKB | PA29841 | |
| eggNOG | NOG73311 | |
| GeneTree | ENSGT00530000062901 | |
| HOVERGEN | HBG107789 | |
| InParanoid | P10145 | |
| KO | K10030 | |
| OMA | CEAAVLT | |
| OrthoDB | EOG7GTT6P | |
| PhylomeDB | P10145 | |
| TreeFam | TF333433 | |
| Reactome | REACT_14819 REACT_15344 REACT_169168 REACT_18355 REACT_19231 | |
| EvolutionaryTrace | P10145 | |
| GeneWiki | Interleukin_8 | |
| GenomeRNAi | 3576 | |
| NextBio | 13978 | |
| PMAP-CutDB | P10145 | |
| PRO | PR:P10145 | |
| Proteomes | UP000005640 | |
| Bgee | P10145 | |
| CleanEx | HS_IL8 | |
| ExpressionAtlas | P10145 | |
| Genevestigator | P10145 | |
| GO | GO:0005576 GO:0005615 GO:0008009 GO:0005153 GO:0006987 GO:0001525 GO:0019722 GO:0007050 GO:0006928 GO:0044267 GO:0044344 GO:0071347 GO:0071222 GO:0071356 GO:0006935 GO:0048566 GO:0030968 GO:0007186 GO:0006955 GO:0050930 GO:0006954 GO:0035556 GO:0008285 GO:0045744 GO:0042119 GO:0030593 GO:0090023 GO:0031623 GO:0030155 GO:0045091 GO:0034976 GO:0002237 GO:0007165 | |
| InterPro | IPR001089 IPR018048 IPR001811 IPR028469 | |
| PANTHER | PTHR10179 PTHR10179:SF35 | |
| Pfam | PF00048 | |
| PRINTS | PR00437 | |
| SMART | SM00199 | |
| SUPFAM | SSF54117 | |
| PROSITE | PS00471 | |
Annotations
| Qualifier | GO ID | GO term name | Reference | ECO ID | ECO term name | with/from | Aspect | Extension | Notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0008283 |
cell proliferation |
ECO:0000314 |
P |
Figure 3 shows that with different concentration of CXCL8 effects the overall cell proliferation. |
complete | |||||
| GO:0001525 |
angiogenesis |
ECO:0000314 |
P |
Figure 5 show that CXCL8 effect that blood vessel formation and that different concentration have different effects on angiogenesis. |
complete | |||||
| GO:0045766 |
positive regulation of angiogenesis |
ECO:0000314 |
P |
Figure 5 shows that treatment with IL8 leads to significantly increased angiogenesis. |
complete | |||||
| GO:0005153 |
interleukin-8 receptor binding |
ECO:0000314 |
F |
Figure 3 shows that IL-8 production is directly associated with TNF-alpha concentrations |
complete | |||||
|
involved_in |
GO:2000535 |
regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell |
ECO:0000315 |
mutant phenotype evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
occurs_in:(CL:0000775) |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0042119 |
neutrophil activation |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
enables |
GO:0008009 |
chemokine activity |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030593 |
neutrophil chemotaxis |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0045766 |
positive regulation of angiogenesis |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0048566 |
embryonic digestive tract development |
ECO:0000270 |
expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0071222 |
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0002237 |
response to molecule of bacterial origin |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0071356 |
cellular response to tumor necrosis factor |
ECO:0000270 |
expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
occurs_in:(CL:1000742) |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0071347 |
cellular response to interleukin-1 |
ECO:0000270 |
expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
occurs_in:(CL:1000742) |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0050930 |
induction of positive chemotaxis |
ECO:0000316 |
genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0045744 |
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0045091 |
regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0044344 |
cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus |
ECO:0000270 |
expression pattern evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
occurs_in:(CL:1000742) |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0035556 |
intracellular signal transduction |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0034976 |
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0031623 |
receptor internalization |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
has_input:(UniProtKB:P32246)|has_input:(UniProtKB:P25024)|has_input:(UniProtKB:P25025) |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030593 |
neutrophil chemotaxis |
ECO:0000316 |
genetic interaction evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030155 |
regulation of cell adhesion |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0007050 |
cell cycle arrest |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
enables |
GO:0005153 |
interleukin-8 receptor binding |
ECO:0000353 |
physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
enables |
GO:0005153 |
interleukin-8 receptor binding |
ECO:0000353 |
physical interaction evidence used in manual assertion |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0071222 |
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
PANTHER:PTN000021269 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0070098 |
chemokine-mediated signaling pathway |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
PANTHER:PTN000021269 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0061844 |
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
MGI:MGI:1888711 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030595 |
leukocyte chemotaxis |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
PANTHER:PTN000021269 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030593 |
neutrophil chemotaxis |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
MGI:MGI:1339941 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
enables |
GO:0008009 |
chemokine activity |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
MGI:MGI:1339941 |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006955 |
immune response |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
PANTHER:PTN000021269 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006954 |
inflammatory response |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
MGI:MGI:1339941 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
part_of |
GO:0005615 |
extracellular space |
ECO:0000318 |
biological aspect of ancestor evidence used in manual assertion |
MGI:MGI:108068 |
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0010469 |
regulation of signaling receptor activity |
ECO:0000366 |
evidence based on logical inference from automatic annotation used in automatic assertion |
GO:0005125 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
enables |
GO:0005153 |
interleukin-8 receptor binding |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
part_of |
GO:0005576 |
extracellular region |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
InterPro:IPR001089 |
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006935 |
chemotaxis |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006952 |
defense response |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006955 |
immune response |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
InterPro:IPR001089 |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
enables |
GO:0008009 |
chemokine activity |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
InterPro:IPR001089 |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0030593 |
neutrophil chemotaxis |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0042119 |
neutrophil activation |
ECO:0000256 |
match to sequence model evidence used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0061844 |
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0031640 |
killing of cells of other organism |
ECO:0000314 |
direct assay evidence used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0008285 |
negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
enables |
GO:0008009 |
chemokine activity |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
|
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0007186 |
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway |
PMID:8381837[20] |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
|
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |
|
involved_in |
GO:0007165 |
signal transduction |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006954 |
inflammatory response |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
|
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
part_of |
GO:0005615 |
extracellular space |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0090023 |
positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0042119 |
neutrophil activation |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0019722 |
calcium-mediated signaling |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006935 |
chemotaxis |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0001525 |
angiogenesis |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0036499 |
PERK-mediated unfolded protein response |
Reactome:R-HSA-381042 |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | ||
|
involved_in |
GO:0019221 |
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway |
Reactome:R-HSA-6785807 |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
|
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |
|
part_of |
GO:0005576 |
extracellular region |
Reactome:R-HSA-749456 |
ECO:0000304 |
author statement supported by traceable reference used in manual assertion |
|
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |
|
part_of |
GO:0005615 |
extracellular space |
ECO:0000322 |
imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion |
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
enables |
GO:0005125 |
cytokine activity |
ECO:0000322 |
imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion |
F |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006935 |
chemotaxis |
ECO:0000322 |
imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
involved_in |
GO:0006954 |
inflammatory response |
ECO:0000322 |
imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion |
P |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
|
part_of |
GO:0005576 |
extracellular region |
ECO:0000322 |
imported manually asserted information used in automatic assertion |
C |
Seeded From UniProt |
complete | |||
Notes
References
See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Van Huynh, T et al. (1989) Reduced protein kinase C immunoreactivity and altered protein phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts. Arch. Neurol. 46 1195-9 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsuo, Y et al. (2009) CXCL8/IL-8 and CXCL12/SDF-1alpha co-operatively promote invasiveness and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Cancer 124 853-61 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Ren, DY et al. (2013) Lactobacilli reduce chemokine IL-8 production in response to TNF-α and Salmonella challenge of Caco-2 cells. Biomed Res Int 2013 925219 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Dziadek, B et al. (2016) Mycobacterium tuberculosis AtsG (Rv0296c), GlmU (Rv1018c) and SahH (Rv3248c) Proteins Function as the Human IL-8-Binding Effectors and Contribute to Pathogen Entry into Human Neutrophils. PLoS ONE 11 e0148030 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Proost, P et al. (1993) Human and bovine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2: complete amino acid sequence and functional characterization as chemokines. Biochemistry 32 10170-7 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Maheshwari, A et al. (2011) TGF-β2 suppresses macrophage cytokine production and mucosal inflammatory responses in the developing intestine. Gastroenterology 140 242-53 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Oshima, N et al. (2010) A20 is an early responding negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 5 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells during inflammation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 159 185-98 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Schwarz, M et al. (1997) Lymphocyte-derived cytokines induce sequential expression of monocyte- and T cell-specific chemokines in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 52 1521-31 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 DiVietro, JA et al. (2001) Immobilized IL-8 triggers progressive activation of neutrophils rolling in vitro on P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J. Immunol. 167 4017-25 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Richardson, RM et al. (2000) Regulation of the human chemokine receptor CCR1. Cross-regulation by CXCR1 and CXCR2. J. Biol. Chem. 275 9201-8 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Lane, BR et al. (2001) Interleukin-8 stimulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and is a potential new target for antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 75 8195-202 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Park, SH et al. (2010) Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated C/EBP homologous protein enhances nuclear factor-kappaB signals via repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J. Biol. Chem. 285 35330-9 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Clark-Lewis, I et al. (1991) Chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of two inflammatory proteins, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (interleukin-8) and neutrophil activating peptide. Biochemistry 30 3128-35 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Holmes, WE et al. (1991) Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science 253 1278-80 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Gaudet, P et al. (2011) Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Brief. Bioinformatics 12 449-62 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Maerki, C et al. (2009) Potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of CXCL14 suggests an immediate role in skin infections. J. Immunol. 182 507-14 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Sanchez, X et al. (1998) CXC chemokines suppress proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells by activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 2. J. Immunol. 160 906-10 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Takamori, H et al. (2000) Autocrine growth effect of IL-8 and GROalpha on a human pancreatic cancer cell line, Capan-1. Pancreas 21 52-6 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lasagni, L et al. (2003) An alternatively spliced variant of CXCR3 mediates the inhibition of endothelial cell growth induced by IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, and acts as functional receptor for platelet factor 4. J. Exp. Med. 197 1537-49 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Sebok, K et al. (1993) IL-8 induces the locomotion of human IL-2-activated natural killer cells. Involvement of a guanine nucleotide binding (Go) protein. J. Immunol. 150 1524-34 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Luu, NT et al. (2000) Differential ability of exogenous chemotactic agents to disrupt transendothelial migration of flowing neutrophils. J. Immunol. 164 5961-9 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Nanthakumar, NN et al. (2000) Inflammation in the developing human intestine: A possible pathophysiologic contribution to necrotizing enterocolitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 6043-8 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Schall, TJ et al. (1990) Selective attraction of monocytes and T lymphocytes of the memory phenotype by cytokine RANTES. Nature 347 669-71 PubMed GONUTS page
- ↑ Werry, TD et al. (2002) Ca(2+) signalling by recombinant human CXCR2 chemokine receptors is potentiated by P2Y nucleotide receptors in HEK cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135 1199-208 PubMed GONUTS page
a
c
- GO:0019722 ! calcium-mediated signaling
- Catarrhini
- GO:0071222 ! cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
- GO:0044344 ! cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus
- GO:0071347 ! cellular response to interleukin-1
- GO:0071356 ! cellular response to tumor necrosis factor
- GO:0007050 ! cell cycle arrest
- GO:0008283 ! cell population proliferation
- GO:0070098 ! chemokine-mediated signaling pathway
- GO:0008009 ! chemokine activity
- GO:0006935 ! chemotaxis
- Chordata
- Craniata
- GO:0019221 ! cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
- GO:0005125 ! cytokine activity
e
i
n
p
r
- GO:0031623 ! receptor internalization
- GO:2000535 ! regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell
- GO:0045091 ! regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate
- GO:0030155 ! regulation of cell adhesion
- GO:0010469 ! regulation of signaling receptor activity
- GO:0002237 ! response to molecule of bacterial origin
- GO:0034976 ! response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
