HUMAN:INS

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Species (Taxon ID)	Homo sapiens (Human). (taxon:9606)
Gene Name(s)	INS
Protein Name(s)	Insulin Insulin B chain Insulin A chain
External Links
UniProt Identifier	INS_HUMAN
UniProt Accessions	P01308, Q5EEX2,
EMBL	V00565, M10039, J00265, X70508, L15440, AY899304, AY138590, BT006808, CH471158, BC005255, AJ009655,
PIR	A93222,
RefSeq	NP_000198.1, NP_001172026.1, NP_001172027.1,
PDB	1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EFE, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1SJT, 1SJU, 1T0C, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2G54, 2G56, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQP, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BRR, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3HYD, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3Q6E, 4AIY, 5AIY,
Ensembl	ENST00000250971, ENST00000381330, ENST00000397262,
Pfam	PF00049,

Annotations

Qualifier	GO ID	GO term name	Reference	Evidence Code	with/from	Aspect	Notes
	GO:0005813	centrosome		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		C	Source: HPA
	GO:0005615	extracellular space		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		C	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0005179	hormone activity		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		F	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0005158	insulin receptor binding		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		F	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0005520	insulin-like growth factor binding		IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction		F	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0005159	insulin-like growth factor receptor binding		IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction		F	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0006953	acute-phase response		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0046631	alpha-beta T cell activation		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0008219	cell death		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0007267	cell-cell signaling		IC: Inferred by Curator		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0055089	fatty acid homeostasis		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor protein signalin...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0042593	glucose homeostasis		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045922	negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic...		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045818	negative regulation of glycogen catabolic p...		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0033861	negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase acti...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0042177	negative regulation of protein catabolic pr...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0050709	negative regulation of protein secretion		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045861	negative regulation of proteolysis		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0060266	negative regulation of respiratory burst du...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045908	negative regulation of vasodilation		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0014065	phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0032270	positive regulation of cellular protein met...		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0050715	positive regulation of cytokine secretion		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045740	positive regulation of DNA replication		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0046326	positive regulation of glucose import		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045821	positive regulation of glycolysis		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0046628	positive regulation of insulin receptor sig...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045429	positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynt...		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0051000	positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthas...		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0060267	positive regulation of respiratory burst		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0045909	positive regulation of vasodilation		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0006521	regulation of amino acid metabolic process		IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0032583	regulation of gene-specific transcription		NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0022898	regulation of transmembrane transporter act...		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0042060	wound healing		IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P	Source: UniProtKB
	GO:0000165	MAPKKK cascade	PMID:11278339^[1]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0002674	negative regulation of acute inflammatory response	PMID:11443198^[2]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0005158	insulin receptor binding	PMID:7556975^[3]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		F
	GO:0005158	insulin receptor binding	PMID:8452530^[4]	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction	UniProtKB:P06213	F
	GO:0005158	insulin receptor binding	PMID:9667398^[5]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		F
	GO:0005159	insulin-like growth factor receptor binding	PMID:8452530^[4]	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction	UniProtKB:P08069	F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	GO_REF:0000002	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	InterPro:IPR004825	F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	GO_REF:0000002	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	InterPro:IPR016179	F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	GO_REF:0000004	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	SP_KW:KW-0372	F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	PMID:14986111^[6]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	PMID:381941^[7]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		F
	GO:0005179	hormone activity	PMID:9667398^[5]	IC: Inferred by Curator	GO:0005158	F
	GO:0005515	protein binding	PMID:9388210^[8]	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction	UniProtKB:P17936	F
	GO:0005515	protein binding	PMID:9388210^[8]	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction	UniProtKB:Q16270	F
	GO:0005515	protein binding	PMID:9773776^[9]	IPI: Inferred from Physical Interaction	UniProtKB:P98164	F
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	GO_REF:0000002	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	InterPro:IPR004825	C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	GO_REF:0000002	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	InterPro:IPR016179	C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	GO_REF:0000004	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	SP_KW:KW-0964	C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	GO_REF:0000023	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	SP_SL:SL-0243	C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	PMID:7556975^[3]	IC: Inferred by Curator	GO:0005158	C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_106	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_1459	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_2015	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_2120	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_2211	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_244	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_342	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_509	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_562	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_596	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_599	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_75876	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005576	extracellular region	Reactome:REACT_75905	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005615	extracellular space	PMID:9667398^[5]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		C
	GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Reactome:REACT_15454	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Reactome:REACT_15512	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005796	Golgi lumen	Reactome:REACT_15362	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005796	Golgi lumen	Reactome:REACT_15499	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005796	Golgi lumen	Reactome:REACT_15512	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0005975	carbohydrate metabolic process	GO_REF:0000004	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	SP_KW:KW-0119	P
	GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	GO_REF:0000004	IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation	SP_KW:KW-0313	P
	GO:0006112	energy reserve metabolic process	Reactome:REACT_1505	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	PMID:12881524^[10]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0006521	regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process	PMID:3553851^[11]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0006953	acute-phase response	PMID:14739855^[12]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway	PMID:9092559^[13]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0007267	cell-cell signaling	PMID:7556975^[3]	IC: Inferred by Curator	GO:0005158	P
	GO:0008284	positive regulation of cell proliferation	PMID:17925406^[14]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0008286	insulin receptor signaling pathway	Reactome:REACT_498	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0008543	fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Reactome:REACT_9470	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0014068	positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade	PMID:7688386^[15]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0015758	glucose transport	PMID:14615391^[16]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0015758	glucose transport	PMID:15792832^[17]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0022898	regulation of transmembrane transporter activity	PMID:14615391^[16]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0030141	stored secretory granule	Reactome:REACT_15362	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0030141	stored secretory granule	Reactome:REACT_15374	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0030307	positive regulation of cell growth	PMID:11742412^[18]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0030335	positive regulation of cell migration	PMID:12138094^[19]	ISS: Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity	UniProtKB:P01315	P
	GO:0031018	endocrine pancreas development	Reactome:REACT_13698	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0031018	endocrine pancreas development	Reactome:REACT_13819	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0031904	endosome lumen	Reactome:REACT_134	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0031904	endosome lumen	Reactome:REACT_1355	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0031904	endosome lumen	Reactome:REACT_599	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		C
	GO:0031954	positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation	PMID:3518947^[20]	ISS: Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity	UniProtKB:P01315	P
	GO:0032148	activation of protein kinase B activity	PMID:8702995^[21]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0032270	positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process	PMID:3553851^[11]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0032880	regulation of protein localization	PMID:14615391^[16]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0033861	negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity	PMID:11443198^[2]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0042060	wound healing	PMID:9498508^[22]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0042177	negative regulation of protein catabolic process	PMID:15185208^[23]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0042593	glucose homeostasis	PMID:381941^[7]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptosis	PMID:16604263^[24]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0043410	positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade	PMID:11500939^[25]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045429	positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	PMID:14615391^[16]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0045597	positive regulation of cell differentiation	PMID:11742412^[18]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0045721	negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	PMID:11742412^[18]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0045725	positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	PMID:17925406^[14]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045740	positive regulation of DNA replication	PMID:7688386^[15]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045818	negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process	PMID:381941^[7]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0045821	positive regulation of glycolysis	PMID:381941^[7]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0045821	positive regulation of glycolysis	PMID:7688386^[15]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045840	positive regulation of mitosis	PMID:10644978^[26]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045840	positive regulation of mitosis	PMID:11500939^[25]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0045861	negative regulation of proteolysis	PMID:3553851^[11]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0045908	negative regulation of vasodilation	PMID:12946932^[27]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0045909	positive regulation of vasodilation	PMID:14744991^[28]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0045922	negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	PMID:1184755^[29]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0046326	positive regulation of glucose import	PMID:14615391^[16]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0046628	positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	PMID:7688386^[15]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0046631	alpha-beta T cell activation	PMID:10604997^[30]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0046889	positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	PMID:11742412^[18]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0050708	regulation of protein secretion	PMID:15591776^[31]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0050709	negative regulation of protein secretion	PMID:14739855^[12]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0050715	positive regulation of cytokine secretion	PMID:15473891^[32]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0050731	positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	PMID:11278339^[1]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0050796	regulation of insulin secretion	Reactome:REACT_18325	TAS: Traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0050995	negative regulation of lipid catabolic process	PMID:11742412^[18]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0051000	positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	PMID:12135947^[33]	NAS: Non-traceable Author Statement		P
	GO:0051092	positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	PMID:19727662^[34]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0051897	positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade	PMID:11500939^[25]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0055089	fatty acid homeostasis	PMID:1184755^[29]	IMP: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype		P
	GO:0060266	negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	PMID:11443198^[2]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:0060267	positive regulation of respiratory burst	PMID:9092559^[13]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
	GO:2000252	negative regulation of feeding behavior	PMID:17957153^[35]	IDA: Inferred from Direct Assay		P
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Notes

References

See Help:References for how to manage references in GONUTS.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Liu YF et al. (2001) Insulin stimulates PKCzeta -mediated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). A self-attenuated mechanism to negatively regulate the function of IRS proteins. J Biol Chem 276: 14459-65 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dandona P et al. (2001) Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3257-65 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kotzke G et al. (1995) Binding of human, porcine and bovine insulin to insulin receptors from human brain, muscle and adipocytes and to expressed recombinant alternatively spliced insulin receptor isoforms. Diabetologia 38: 757-63 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Soos MA et al. (1993) Purified hybrid insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptors bind insulin-like growth factor-I, but not insulin, with high affinity. Biochem J 290 ( Pt 2): 419-26 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Collinet M et al. (1998) Familial hyperproinsulinaemia due to a mutation substituting histidine for arginine at position 65 in proinsulin: identification of the mutation by restriction enzyme mapping. Eur J Pediatr 157: 456-60 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Chakraborty S et al. (2004) Impaired binding of insulin to erythrocyte membrane receptor and the activation of nitric oxide synthase by the hormone in human breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130: 294-300 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Tager H et al. (1979) A structurally abnormal insulin causing human diabetes. Nature 281: 122-5 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Yamanaka Y et al. (1997) Inhibition of insulin receptor activation by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. J Biol Chem 272: 30729-34 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Orlando RA et al. (1998) Megalin is an endocytic receptor for insulin. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 1759-66 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Pandini G et al. (2003) Differential gene expression induced by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-II through the insulin receptor isoform A. J Biol Chem 278: 42178-89 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Nair KS et al. (1987) Effect of intravenous insulin treatment on in vivo whole body leucine kinetics and oxygen consumption in insulin-deprived type I diabetic patients. Metabolism 36: 491-5 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Wu X et al. (2004) Insulin decreases hepatic acute phase protein levels in severely burned children. Surgery 135: 196-202 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Krieger-Brauer HI et al. (1997) Insulin-induced activation of NADPH-dependent H2O2 generation in human adipocyte plasma membranes is mediated by Galphai2. J Biol Chem 272: 10135-43 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Jensen M et al. (2007) Activation of the insulin receptor by insulin and a synthetic peptide leads to divergent metabolic and mitogenic signaling and responses. J Biol Chem 282: 35179-86 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Freund GG et al. (1993) Insulin and IGF-1 increase mitogenesis and glucose metabolism in the multiple myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226. J Immunol 151: 1811-20 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 ^16.4 Bergandi L et al. (2003) Insulin stimulates glucose transport via nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 2215-21 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Acevedo CG et al. (2005) Insulin and nitric oxide stimulates glucose transport in human placenta. Life Sci 76: 2643-53 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 Saltiel AR & Kahn CR (2001) Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414: 799-806 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Pandini G et al. (2002) Insulin/insulin-like growth factor I hybrid receptors have different biological characteristics depending on the insulin receptor isoform involved. J Biol Chem 277: 39684-95 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Ellis L et al. (1986) Replacement of insulin receptor tyrosine residues 1162 and 1163 compromises insulin-stimulated kinase activity and uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. Cell 45: 721-32 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Kohn AD et al. (1996) Akt, a pleckstrin homology domain containing kinase, is activated primarily by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 271: 21920-6 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Pierre EJ et al. (1998) Effects of insulin on wound healing. J Trauma 44: 342-5 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Agus MS et al. (2004) Intravenous insulin decreases protein breakdown in infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 39: 839-44; discussion 839-44 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Yu XR et al. (2006) Neuroprotection of insulin against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in cultured retinal neurons: involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 38: 241-8 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 Scalia P et al. (2001) Regulation of the Akt/Glycogen synthase kinase-3 axis by insulin-like growth factor-II via activation of the human insulin receptor isoform-A. J Cell Biochem 82: 610-8 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Riedel H et al. (2000) PSM, a mediator of PDGF-BB-, IGF-I-, and insulin-stimulated mitogenesis. Oncogene 19: 39-50 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Campia U et al. (2004) Insulin impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation independent of insulin sensitivity or lipid profile. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286: H76-82 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Randriamboavonjy V et al. (2004) Insulin induces the release of vasodilator compounds from platelets by a nitric oxide-G kinase-VAMP-3-dependent pathway. J Exp Med 199: 347-56 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Schade DS & Eaton RP (1975) Glucagon regulation of plasma ketone body concentration in human diabetes. J Clin Invest 56: 1340-4 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Ma H et al. (2000) Bovine and human insulin activate CD8+-autoreactive CTL expressing both type 1 and type 2 cytokines in C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol 164: 86-92 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Allister EM et al. (2004) Insulin decreases the secretion of apoB-100 from hepatic HepG2 cells but does not decrease the secretion of apoB-48 from intestinal CaCo-2 cells. J Biomed Sci 11: 789-98 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Doronzo G et al. (2004) Insulin activates vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells: influence of nitric oxide and of insulin resistance. Eur J Clin Invest 34: 664-73 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Federici M et al. (2002) Insulin-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is impaired by O-linked glycosylation modification of signaling proteins in human coronary endothelial cells. Circulation 106: 466-72 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ Romacho T et al. (2009) Extracellular PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin activates pro-inflammatory signalling in human vascular smooth muscle cells through nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Diabetologia 52: 2455-63 PubMed GONUTS page
↑ James RJ et al. (2007) Milk intake and feeding behavior in the first week of life and its relationship to cord blood ghrelin, leptin, and insulin concentrations. Pediatr Res 62: 695-9 PubMed GONUTS page

[PMID:11278339-0] 1.0 ^1.1 Liu YF et al. (2001) Insulin stimulates PKCzeta -mediated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). A self-attenuated mechanism to negatively regulate the function of IRS proteins. J Biol Chem 276: 14459-65 PubMed GONUTS page

[PMID:11443198-1] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Dandona P et al. (2001) Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 3257-65 PubMed GONUTS page

[PMID:7556975-2] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kotzke G et al. (1995) Binding of human, porcine and bovine insulin to insulin receptors from human brain, muscle and adipocytes and to expressed recombinant alternatively spliced insulin receptor isoforms. Diabetologia 38: 757-63 PubMed GONUTS page

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